is supposed to be in a fixed position, or the legs 

 may be so set that the fireplace can be moved 

 to other locations. 



The stone masonry fireplace with both ends 

 open (pi. II) is a simple and practical unit 

 where the fire hazard is not great. Most open 

 fireplaces are constructed with a definite back 

 (pis. Ill, IV, and V). In all of these fireplaces, 

 the cooking is done upon a grate or plate which 

 covers a major portion of the firebox. The plate 

 is sometimes used on fireplaces in preference to 

 the grate because of the increased convenience 

 of cooking, and to prevent smudging of utensils. 



The fireplace of this type may have a top 

 grate supplemented by a top plate, or a grate 

 without any top plate. These two may be 

 interchangeable. In some fireplaces there is a 

 bottom grate; but this is an impractical feature, 

 especially when the grate is only 4 or 5 inches 

 above the hearth. The area under the bottom 

 grate is soon filled with ashes and therefore 

 becomes the same as a soUd hearth. If the 

 ashes are kept continuously cleaned away 

 from the firebox, the cost of maintenance is 

 abnormal and sometimes prohibitive. 



In a few types of fireplaces, there is a single 

 bar across the front of the firebox (pi. VI) . When 

 greater convenience in the use of these types of 

 fireplaces is desired, the hearth is raised above 

 the ground level in order to have the top of the 

 grate at a more convenient elevation (pis. VII 

 and X). 



CAMP STOVES 



The camp stove which is primarily for cooking 

 purposes sometimes may be converted into a 

 hreplace, as shown in plates X and XI. The 

 camp stove with the top plate at an elevation 

 of 26 to 30 inches is apt to be rather massive 

 and for this reason these high units should be 

 developed only on campgrounds where there 

 is an opportunity to partially screen one unit 

 from another unit. 



There is a type of camp stove, known as the 

 "oil drum" (pi. XXVI, fig. 10), and the "ice- 

 box" (pi. XXVI, figs. 9 and 11), which is very 

 practical in actual use but very inappropriate 

 for use in natural forest surroundings. There 

 can be httle justification, even from the stand- 

 point of practical use, for introducing these 

 types of stoves into the natural areas. 



Camp stoves are sometimes constructed with 



a chimney notch (pi. VIII), or more frequently 

 with a chimney which may be low (pi. X) or 

 high (pi. XII). Camp stoves should be appro- 

 priately designed (so far as a fireplace or a 

 camp stove can be so designed) to fit into the 

 natural forest surroundings. High-chimney 

 camp stoves should be confined to the heavily 

 wooded areas where there is opportunity to 

 develop the necessary screen of natural plant- 

 ing. There is little justification for the type of 

 camp stove with the high chimney except in 

 locations where the fire hazard is great and 

 the high chimney wth its spark arrester is 

 necessary to provide the desired protection. 



COMBINED STOVES AND FIREPLACES 



It is sometimes desirable to use a combination 

 warming and cooking unit as shown on plate 

 XV. This combination structure is apt to be 

 rather massive and it should be avoided wher- 

 ever practical in favor of the construction of 

 the convertible types of camp stove shown in 

 plates VIII, IX, X, and XI. The combination 

 stove and fireplace and the convertible camp 

 stove are frequently used in connection with 

 shelters (pi. XIX, figs. 1 and 5). 



MULTIPLE STOVES 



The multiple stove with the high chimney in the 

 middle is a feature which should be avoided in 

 forests, except where the congested use and kind 

 of use on any area (especially the area of 

 Umited extent) makes the use of these units 

 necessary. This type of stove may be con- 

 structed in units of 2, 3, or 4 (pis. XIII and 

 III- A, figs. 7 and 8). 



In general use, this stove in multiples of more 

 than two (except where used within shelters) 

 should be discouraged. The smaller type of 

 stove in single units is much more practical 

 and more easily controlled in actual use. A 

 single stove unit permits a better distribution 

 of use over the area and provides more family 

 privacy. Its economy of construction, where 

 multiple stoves are required, is one of the fac- 

 tors in its favor. 



WARMING FIRES 



On many campgrounds and picnic areas, the 

 warming fire (pi. XX, fig. 1) for the use of com- 

 munity groups is a practical feature. These 

 units are desirable in locations where the 



