THE BACTERIA 271 



is in each case due to the action of a definite species of 

 the Bacteria. On the same power of initiating far- 

 reaching decompositions in the bodies which they inhabit, 

 depends the fatal efficiency of the parasitic Bacteria in 

 producing disease. The whole subject of the fermenta- 

 tions set up by these organisms has become in recent 

 years of the greatest possible practical importance in 

 relation both to medicine (as regards the parasitic forms), 

 and to innumerable branches of industry, as regards the 

 saprophytes. A vast literature has grown up on these 

 subjects, which lie beyond the province of the present 

 Introduction. 



TYPE XXIV. BACILLUS SUBTILIS 



This is one of the commonest and best known forms of 

 Bacteria. It occurs constantly in hay, and can be ob- 

 tained with certainty by soaking or boiling hay in water. 

 In the latter case the appearance of the Bacillus depends 

 on the extraordinary resistance to heat shown by its 

 spores, which can stand an hour's boiling with impunity. 

 After a little time the whole of the liquid simply swarms 

 with the cells of the Bacillus, which in its active vegeta- 

 tive condition is a strictly unicellular organism, the 

 isolated cells having the shape of short rods rather more 

 than itjVoth of a millimetre in diameter and from jo 5 oo to 

 T^oo mm - m length. The cells are thus far more minute 

 than those of any plant we have hitherto considered, if 

 we except spermatia or the oidial cells sometimes formed 

 by certain Fungi. The excessive smallness of the cells 

 has placed great difficulties in the way of their investiga- 

 tion, and the histology of Bacteria is still very little 



