STRUCTURE] TUBE AND LIMB OF CALYX. 329 



so that it cannot be separated, as in Myriophyllum, it is then 

 called superior, or adherent (calyx superus, or adhcerens), and 

 the ovary inferior (ovarium inferum] (Plate V. fig. 7. 9.). 

 From what has been said of pappus it will be obvious that it 

 is a superior calyx. 



The general opinion of botanists, in regard to the real 

 nature of the superior calyx, is such as I have stated ; and 

 the accuracy of it in the majority of cases is indisputable : 

 but it is by no means certain that, in some instances, what is 

 called the tube of the calyx is not, as I have long since stated 

 (Introduction to the Natural System, p. 26.), " sometimes a 

 peculiar extension or hollowing out of the apex of the pedicel, 

 of which we see an example in Eschscholtzia, and of which 

 Rosa and Calycanthus, and, perhaps, all supposed tubes with- 

 out apparent veins, may also be instances." And if this be 

 so, the calyx may be superior in consequence of the cohesion 

 of the ovary with the inside of an excavated pedicel, and not 

 with the calyx itself. 



When the sepals cohere by their contiguous edges into a 

 kind of tube or cup, the calyx is said to be monophyllous or 

 monosepalous ; an inaccurate term, which originated when 

 the real nature of organs was unknown, and when a mono- 

 phyllous calyx was thought to consist really of a single leaf, 

 clipped into teeth at its margin. To avoid this inaccuracy, 

 the word gamosepalous has been proposed, but it is not much 

 employed; and in truth the term monos may be taken to 

 signify either one or united into one, the latter of which is 

 correct. That the sepals are originally all distinct is not a 

 matter of theory, but, as Schleiden rightly observes, of 

 investigation established by actual evidence. 



Various terms are employed to express the degree in which 

 the sepals of a monosepalous calyx cohere : they will be 

 explained in Glossology. When no cohesion whatever takes 

 place between the leaves of a calyx, the term sepalous is 

 employed with that Greek numeral prefixed, which is equi- 

 valent to the number of pieces ; as, for example, if they are 

 two, the calyx is disepalous ; if three, trisepalous ; if four, 

 tetrasepalous, and so on. 



Sometimes the calyx has certain expansions or dilatations, 



