SPECIAL ANATOMY. 115 



PART lY.— SPECIAL ANATOMY. 

 The Head. 



From the angle formed at the meeting of the incisions 

 through the skin downwards from the ear, and backwards 

 from the lower lip, the operator commences to remove the 

 skin in the antero-superior direction as far as the root of 

 the ear, the eyelids, and the central line of the face ; this 

 done he works forward towards the lips and the nostril, 

 where the muscular fibres are found closely in contact with 

 the skin, in some places being inserted into it. The roots 

 of some of the long hairs which form the " feelers " will be 

 also cut through in removing the skin from the lips. From 

 the zygomatic ridge to the centre of the submaxillary 

 space the panniculus in a thin layer lies immediately in 

 contact with the skin, and through it may be seen the 

 branches of the facial nerve, and the masseter externus 

 muscle. Its fibres converge from here towards the angle 

 of the mouth, where they blend with other muscles, especi- 

 ally orbicularis oris, forming the muscular band termed 

 retractor anguli oris. 



To the same point, and to the upper lip above it, run 

 fibres forming a thin layer extending from the zygomatic 

 ridge, and some from the muscles of the lower eyelid. This 

 is zygomaticus, which muscle forms the central part of the 

 superficial subcutaneous layer of the face. 



The upper part of this layer is formed by levator labii 

 superioris alseque nasi, which is attached superiorly to the 

 nasal, frontal, and lachrymal bones at their point of 

 junction, and runs downwards and forwards to be inserted 

 into the point of the false nostril, the wing of the nostil, 

 and the upper lip, blending with the other muscles of this 

 part. 



The fibres of this muscle are separated inferiorly into two 



