THE MAGNOLIA AND TULIP-TREE 169 



of these early magnolias were widely distribuled, especially a 

 group of forms found in western Greenland which ranged south- 

 ward in what is now the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Marthas 

 Vineyard to Texas. 



A second Upper Cretaceous display of, in part identical forms, 

 of magnolias is now found in the Dakota sandstone of Kansas and 

 Nebraska — the Dakota sandstone representing the shoreward 

 sands spread over the western interior of North America by the 

 advancing sea of the Upper Cretaceous, which swept northward 

 at that time from the Gulf of Mexico almost or quite to the Arctic 

 Ocean. A Cretaceous magnolia has been recorded from western 

 Canada, a second from Vancouver Island, and a later Cretaceous 

 form has been found in Wyoming and Tennessee. In the Old 

 World there was an early Upper Cretaceous species in Portugal, 

 and three additional and sHghtly later forms have been found in 

 Bohemia and Moravia. 



The Eocene magnoHas number about a score of species, all differ- 

 ent from their Upper Cretaceous ancestors, and thus hinting at 

 the long time interval that we know intervened between the marine 

 deposits of these two geological periods, when the present land 

 areas of the globe were elevated and the seas were restricted which 

 fact led the early geologists to draw the boundary between the 

 Mesozoic and the Cenozoic at this horizon. The Eocene magnolias 

 have an equally wide distribution as those of the Cretaceous. 

 They occur in both the basal or Paleocene, and in the upper Eocene 

 of North America and Europe — the far northern records of their 

 former existence, to be enumerated presently, belonging in the 

 second category. These Eocene records include Greenland, Spitz- 

 bergen, Alaska, Sachalin Island and western Canada on the north 

 and Oregon, Cahfornia, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Missis- 

 sippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, France, Germany, Bohemia and Croatia 

 on the souch. Beside the remains of leaves both flower parts and 

 characteristic fruits have been found in the rocks of this age. 



During Ohgocene times which succeeded those of the Eocene, 8 

 differ-ent magnohas, all from the Old World, have been described. 

 They were apparently most abundant during that time in Italy, 



