Anatomical Rudiments 



and encircled by a band round its upper portion. 

 This is the coronary band, and the hoof-wall is 

 secreted by papilla 1 on this structure. The hoof 

 is divided into a toe portion ; quarters ; and heels ; 

 and on its lower surface is the horny sole with a 

 triangular pad of elastic tissue, known as the frog. 

 On either side of the frog are the bars — reflections 

 of the wall, and it is important that neither the 

 frog, or bars should ever be pared by the shoeing- 

 smith. The inner surface of the hoof is studded 

 over with numerous leaf-life projections, known 

 as the insensitive lamina, which are dove-tailed 

 into corresponding fleshy ones on the wall of the 

 pedal bone, and are termed sensitive lamina. The 

 lower surface of the pedal bone is arched, and 

 covered by a vascular membrane known as the 

 sensitive sole. The backward prolongations of 

 the pedal bone comprise two flexible plates of 

 cartilage. These are the lateral cartilages, so 

 commonly the seat of disease in heavy horses. 

 The foot has a rich blood supply, but the veins 

 have no valves. 



The Ox, Sheep and Goat 

 The skeleton of the ox, though differing in 

 certain minor respects, is practically identical with 

 that of the horse, but the individual bones are 

 relatively heavier — not being an animal of swift 

 progression. In the upper jaw there are no 

 incisor teeth, these being replaced by a pad of 



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