A HISTORY OF NORFOLK 



deer known as Cervus gigatiteus carnutorum. To others, again, the names 

 C suttomnsis and C. falconeri have been applied, but their affinities are 

 very doubtful. The horse teeth from the Norwich Crag all belong to 

 the extinct Equus stenonis. Somewhat curiously, no remains of rhinoceros 

 have been recorded from these deposits. Teeth of mastodons, or primi- 

 tive elephants, belonging to the species known as Mastodon arvernensis are, 

 however, by no means uncommon in the Norwich Crag ; where molars 

 of a true elephant, Elephas antiquus, are likewise met with. The molar 

 teeth of mastodons, it may be observed, differ from those of modern 

 elephants by their much simpler structure ; their crowns carrying low 

 transverse ridges, sometimes broken up into cones, separated from one 

 another by open valleys, instead of tall and thin plates with the inter- 

 vening spaces completely filled up. The Forest Bed beaver [Trogon- 

 therium cuvieri) extends down to the Norwich Crag, as does the Crag 

 variety of the common field vole [Microtus agrestis intermedius) . The only 

 specifically determined remains of cetaceans found in these deposits 

 within the limits of the county appear to belong to the extinct Crag 

 black-fish [Globkephalus uncidens) and the common dolphin [Delphims 

 delphis) . 



Remains of birds and reptiles are unknown, but a considerable 

 number of those of fishes have been obtained, many of which are 

 common to both the Norwich and the Weybourn Crags. Teeth from 

 Bramerton have been assigned conditionally to the existing genus 

 Ceratophrys, while bones of the above-mentioned Platax woodwardi are by 

 no means uncommon. Other remains have been assigned to the cod 

 {Gadus morrhud), an extinct species (G. pseudaglefinus) alUed to the 

 haddock, the pollack {G. pollachius), a sturgeon [Acipenser), and the tope 

 shark [Ga/eus cams), the last-named species being known by teeth from 

 the Weybourn Crag of East Runton. At Thorpe has been obtained a 

 single tooth of a comb-toothed shark [Notidanus). Dermal plates of the 

 thornback skate [Rata clavata) occur in the Norwich Crag, and teeth 

 of the same species in the Weybourn Crag of East Runton ; and an 

 extinct ray [Rhinoptera woodwardi) is also represented in the Norwich 

 Crag. 



Two bivalve shells very characteristic of the Norwich Crag at 

 Bramerton — the great collecting place — are Tellina obliqua and Nucula 

 cobboldice. The uppermost or Chillesford beds at this locality show a 

 more decidedly northern type of molluscs than do the underlying fluvio- 

 marine beds, the commoner species being the bivalves Astarte borealis, 

 A. compressa, Corbula striata, Cyprina islandka, Leda oblongoides, Lucina 

 borealis, and the univalve (whelk) Baccinum undatum tenerum. In addition 

 to the above, the lower beds contain the bivalves Nucula cobboldice, Tellina 

 obliqua, T. lata, T. pretenuis, Cardium edule (cockle), Mytilus edulis 

 (mussel), Mactra ovalis, M. subtruncata, Scrobicularia plana. My a arenaria 

 (gaper), and the univalves Littorina littorea (periwinkle), Melampus 

 pyramidalis. Purpura lapillus (banded whelk), Trophon scalariformis, 

 T. antiquus (red whelk), Turritella terebra, Cerithium tricinctum, Scalaria 



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