find its relation to that in the Animal Kingdom. 251 



appeared after long maceration of Borrera (even of such pieces 

 as bore none of the so-called antheridia), he regarded as Infu- 

 soria. 



Tulasne* gave a new aspect to Itzigsohn's observations when 

 he demonstrated the existence of his antheridia, not only in the 

 great majority of all Lichens, but also in the Fungi (as above 

 indicated, p. 245), and thus secured new points from whence 

 their nature could be critically examined. 



Their regular occurrence on almost all genera of Lichens, the 

 peculiarity of their aspect and structure, would not permit him 

 to regard them as accidental organs, as abortive apothecia, para- 

 sites, or Lichens sui generis, as had been done by previous 

 authors, — but warranted him in the conviction that they were a 

 special reproductive apparatus, prohuhly occurring in all Lichens, 

 which, in reference to physiological functions, doubtless stand 

 in close connexion with the other fructifying apparatus, repre- 

 sented by the apothecia. He was prevented from distinctly 

 acknowledging Itzigsohn's spermatozoa, as such, by the want of 

 direct observations on their function. He therefore prefers for 

 the present to attach to them the name ' spermatia,' which, how- 

 ever, is only intended to express that they are bodies destined 

 to play some part in the reproduction. He calls the organs in 

 which they are contained ' spermogonia.' The structure of these 

 is the same as in many Fungi (Pyrenomycetes and Discomy- 

 cetes) — closed receptacles more or less resembling the perithecia 

 of the Pyrenomycetes, usually imbedded in the thallus and pro- 

 jecting only a little from its surface, rarely free above, like the 

 apothecia {Cladonia, Cetraria, Gyalecta), of globular or oblong 

 form, with a simple or multilocular cavity, which is clothed by a 

 kind of hymenium ; this consists of basidium-like cells or rows 

 of cells [sterigmata) resembling Conferva-filaments, at the points 

 and joints of which originate the spermatia, as linear corpuscles, 

 apparently in the same way as the ramification takes place in 

 Conferva glomerataf, and by no means in special cells J. He com- 

 pares these spermatia with the motionless spermatozoids of the 

 Floridese, and — on the ground of the unexceptional differences 

 between the form and dimensions of the spermatia on the one 



* Tulasne, Note sur I'Appareil reprod. dans les Lichens et les Cham- 

 pignons. Ann. des Sc. nat. 3 ser. xv. p. 370 (translated in Ann. Nat, Hist. 

 2nd ser. viii. p. 114); Memoire sur I'Histoire organographique et physio- 

 logique des Lichens. Ann. des Sc. nat, 3 ser. xvii. pp. 5 & 153 (1852). 



t Vide the figiues in V. Mohl's ' Vegetable Cell,' plate 1. fig. 1. 



X Tulasne himself (Ann. des Sc. nat. 3 ser. xvii. p. 216) entertains some 

 mistrust of his own earlier observation, that in Verrucaria atomaria, 

 spermatia and fertile sporauges are developed in the same concei)tacles 

 (apothecia), — a condition which has an analogy among the Fungi in Peziza 

 benesuada, TiU., Cenangium Frangulce, Tul., and the Trcmelhui. 



