and its relation to that in the Animal Kingdom. 349 



BischofF thought he detected a pro-embryo in some species*. 

 J. Groenland also regarded the cellular body produced by the 

 spore in all the species he examined, which by no means passed 

 gradually into the proper frond, as the pro-embryo {protonema)f. 



5. PTERiDOiDEiE (Fcms and their allies). 



It would lead too far if I more than mentioned summai-ily the 

 attempts of the older botanists to demonstrate in the Filices (in 

 the widest sense) sexual organs, on the cooperation of which they 

 believed the regular reproduction of all plants to depend — 

 attempts which were taken up again with the more zeal, since 

 Hedvvig had made good so preponderating a probability of the 

 existence of sexuality in the Mosses. While Linnaeus and his 

 predecessors thought that the spores of these plants generally 

 must be identified with pollen, subsequent investigations as to 

 their further development, their germination, the final result of 

 which was known even by Morison and Stehclin, led, here as 

 everywhere else, to their unconditional estimation as seeds, and 

 consequently to that of the spore-capsules as female organs. 

 The function of male organs of the flower has been attributed 

 successively, in the true Ferns, to corpuscles (glandular hairs) 

 occurring among the ramcnta of the young petiole (^lichelij) 

 — upon these ramenta (Griffith §) — and on the points of the 

 indusia (Schmidel||) ; to the stouiata (Gleichen^); to the annulus 

 of the capsules (Sclimidel**) ; to groups of spii'al-fibrous cells at 

 the ends of the nerves of the leaves (Bernhardi) ; to the indusium 

 (Kolreuterft); to the glandular liairs of the nerves of the pinna 

 (Hedwig J:{;) ; to the contents of young spore-capsules with their 

 spores (Gaertner and Mirbel) ; to the loose cells of the lenticels 

 of Tree-ferns (V. Martius§§) ; to the glandular hairs occurring 



* Bischoff, Bemerk. z. Entwick. der Lebermoose. Bot. Zeit. 1853, 

 p. 113 (from observations made in 1828-9). 



t Mem. sur la Germin. de quelques Ilepatiques. Ann. des Sc. nat. 4 ser. 

 i. p. § (1854). 



X Tozzelius, in Append, ad Michelii Cat. pi. hort. Cies. Florcnt. Floreut. 

 1748, p. 135. 



§ Posthumous Papers, Jouiiial of Travels (teste A. Henfrey, Rep. Brit. 

 Assoc. 1852, p. 107). 



II Icon. Plant, ed. 2. Eriang. 1793, p. 48. pi. 13. figs. 6-9. ^ 



•[[ Das Neueste aus dem Reiche der Pflanzen. Nuremb. 1764, p. 24. 

 pi. 3. fig. 6. Abschn. ii. p. 30. pi. 24. fig. 9. 



** Dissert, de Buxbaumia. Erlang. 1758, pp. 37, 38. 



tt Das entdeckte Geheimn. der Krvptogamen. Karlsrube, 1777, pp. 89, 

 135. 



Xt Theoria Gener. et Fruct. PI. CrjTJt. Petrop. 1784, p. 40. 



§§ Denkschr. der Bot. Gesellscb. in Regensb. ii. p. 125 (teste V. Mohl, 

 Verm. Schrift. p. 111). 



