External Characters of Ruminant Artioiiacti/Iu. 105 



the t'ront of the wiflipis, a more sL^pinp^ croup, a lie.ivior 

 de\\l;i|), a long<M' narrower skull uiili relatively .shorter iVoiital 

 ami longer nasal inaxillarv reifimi, anl horns which are more 

 upright in direction ot" ;;ru\vth. 'I'ht^ European animal, on 

 the contrary, lias no hnin[), the piano of the croup is in a line 

 with the back, the dewlap is shaUower, the skull shorter but 

 with its frontal portion relatively Ioniser, and the horns are 

 nmrc horizontal in direction of growth, 'ihe voices of the 

 two also are different, but not so ditferent as literature would 

 lea<l one to suppose. Hal)its and constitution 8up[)ly further 

 ditr>Menco.s. 



IE there were no other types of domesticated cattle in 

 existence .there woidd be grounds for the opinion of Blyth 

 and others as to the specitic distinctness of the two types. 

 But when the differences are analyzed they appear to me to 

 lose much of tjieir weight. Even amongst undoubted Indian 

 zebus there is immense variation in most of the characters 

 mentioned, the hump alone, so far as I am aware, forming an 

 exception. The characters may be considered in order : — 



Hums. — or the horr.s of the zebu Lydekker (pp. 132-133) 

 wrote: — "The horns of all humped cattle — both Ind.ian and 

 African — differ from those of the aurochs and the related 

 types of European domesticated cattle by their distinctly 

 lyrate shape, the first main curve having the convexity in 

 front instead of behind. Their tendency is also to grow 

 upwards and backwards rather than forwards." This state- 

 ment is untrue. In tlie first place, the horns of Heberstein's 

 aurochs (pi. iii.) are very like those of the Gujrati zebu 

 (pi. XX.) in direction and curvature. In the second place, 

 the horns of zebus are so variable that it is impossible to 

 afifirni anything definite with regard to them. From the type 

 above described by Lydekker from the Gujrati breed the 

 horns ma}' deviate by taking a horizontal direction sideways 

 or a horizontal and forward curvature or a downward inclina- 

 tion. jMost cuiious of all is the type seen in the Mysore 

 breed, where the horns arise close together on the top of the 

 head and recede l)ackwards and upwards, the whole of tlie 

 anterior surface being concave. In the calf, indeed, they 

 begin as erect buds, not as lateral horizontal buds as in the 

 Gujrati. With regard to the question at issue, the point to 

 be noticed is that the IMysore zebu differs more from the 

 short-horned zebu in the position and curvature of the horns 

 than the short-horned zebu differs from short-horned British 

 cattle. Yet no one supposes these zebus to be other than 

 domesticated breeds of one and the same species. 



In European cattle, even setting aside for the moment 



