112 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some 



in question and that of the Yaynol bull on pi. v. bears out 

 this contention. The dewlap of the Transylvanian bull is a 

 little deeper, it is true, but it is not ajiprcciably deeper than 

 in the Swiss and Simnienthal bulls, without claim to zebu 

 blood, depicted on pi. xiii. The only striking difPerence 

 between the Vaynol and the Transylvanian bulls lies in the 

 horns, which in the latter are much longer and extend at 

 tirst horizontally outwards and then upwards; but they are 

 not like the horns of any Indian zebu I have seen, and differ 

 no more, perhaps less, from the upturned horns of the 

 Chillingham breed than the latter differ from the downturned 

 horns of the Charlley breed shown on ])1. iv. Hence it 

 appears to me that the evidence of zebu blood in the Tran- 

 sylvanian bull is quite untrustworthy ; and if the head of this 

 animal be compared with the skull of the Spanish draught ox 

 (pi. xiv.), another breed of assumed zebu descent, it will be 

 evident that, so far as the head and horns are concerned, the 

 two breeds are very much alike. The assumption that the 

 Spanish draught cattle are wholly or partly zebus, in which 

 the hump has been eliminated by selective breeding or 

 crossing, seems to me inadequately supported by the facts. 



The same theory has been put forward to explain the zebu 

 descent of some of the humpless cattle of ancient Egypt, and 

 to illustrate the characters of these cattle Lydekker reproduces 

 two figures from Egyptian monuments — one (p. 135) showing 

 four cows, the other a bull (pi. xvi.), — which in general style 

 resemble the Transylvanian bull aforesaid, and are believed 

 by Diirst and Lydekker to belong to the same stock and to 

 have been introduced into Spain. That the Egyptian cattle 

 belong to the same stock as the Spanish may be admitted, on 

 the evidence, as probable, and that they were introduced into 

 Spain as possible ; but since they have the long bodies, 

 humpless withers, high croup, and shallow dewlap of tj'pical 

 exanii)les of Bos iawus, the claim that they are zebus with 

 the hump artificially suppressed is surely unwarranted. At 

 all events, the identification of these cattle must be admitted 

 to be a matter of doubt. If they are not zebus, as I maintain, 

 what becomes of the theory that their supposed introduction 

 into Spain by the Moors or other invaders supplies the 

 explanation of the alleged zebu blood in Spanisli draught 

 cattle? 



I find similar difficulties in agreeing with Lydekker's 

 determination of the Nineveh bull, depicted on p. 64, which 

 he says aj)] ears to be an aurochs despite the absence of the 

 mane and the excessive length of the tail. The animal, 



