248 



TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 



Lutianids, Hcemulids, Sparids. — These three families form a progressive series leading 

 from a predaceous type with sharp teeth on the margins of the jaws to a durophagus type 

 with blunt molariform teeth on the sides and incisor-like teeth in front. The pharyngeal 

 teeth are conical, not very large. The Lutianidae are distinguished from the typical Ser- 

 ranidae by the loss of the supramaxillary and by the broad overlap of the maxillary by the 

 enlarged preorbital (lacrymal). The mouth retains the normal percoid protractility and 



pf ipaceth 



#'^i^lS^ff^ Calamus sp. 



Fig. 122. Calamus. 



normal processes of the premaxillae. The maxillary broadens distally but is not overlapped 

 externally by the extremity of the premaxillary (Tate Regan, 1913a, p. 120). The teeth 

 are villiform or obtusely conical in the jaws and often on the vomer and palatines. 



In Hamulon (Fig. 121) of the family Pomadisidae, relationship with the Sciaenidae is 

 suggested by the muciferous cavities on the preopercular and on the lower border of the 

 mandible; this is probably mere parallelism. The snout in front of the lacrymal is long; 

 this brings the tip of the mouth forward and thus makes a more horizontal gape. The 

 lacrymal has been enlarged with the ethmoid region; it broadly overlaps the maxilla. The 

 premaxillary teeth are delicate. 



In Calamus (Fig. 122) of the family Sparidae, the premaxillary teeth have become 



