24 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 



readily absorbed than the crude drug, and upward of 50 

 times more powerful. Horses, 1 to 2 grains; cattle, 2 to 

 5 grains; sheep, 1-5 to 1 grain. Both forms are usually 

 given twice a day. 



Oak Bark.-— Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, -J to 2 oz. ; 

 sheep and swine, -J- to 2 drams. It is made with 1 or 2 

 oz. of bark to a pint of water ; given with aromatics and 

 bitters ; in dysentery, with opium and starch gruel ; in 

 typhoid fever, with camphor and mineral acids. 



Olive Oil. — Small doses are occasionally given to horses 

 and other animals to soothe the irritated mucous mem- 

 brane in chronic catarrh and bronchitis. Bronchitis is 

 inflammation or catarrh of the bronchial (lung) tubes. 



Opium. — Of solid opium horses take 1 to 2 drams; 

 cattle, 2 to 4 drams ; sheep, 10 to 40 grains ; swine, 5 to 

 20 grains. Of morphine and its salts horses and cattle 

 take 3 to 10 grains ; sheep and swine, i to 2 grains. 

 For hypodermic injections use the small doses first. Tinc- 

 ture of opium (laudanum) — horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; 

 sheep and swine, 2 to 6 drams. 



Pepper, Black. — As a stomachic horses take about 1 

 dram; cattle, 2 drams; sheep and swine, 10 grains to 1 

 dram, in ball, water, alcohol, or gruel. 



Peppermint. — Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 drops, on 

 sugar or in alcohol and water. 



Pepsin is a preparation of the mucous lining of the 

 fresh and healthy stomach of pigs, sheep, or calves. Colts 

 and calves, 2 to 10 grains, in water, with a few drops of 

 hydrochloric acid. 



Petroleum Benzin is used as a vermifuge, killing even 

 tapeworms. Horses take 2 to 4 drams. 



Podophyllum.— (May Apple or Mandrake.) For chol- 

 agogue (cathartic) or sedative purposes horses and cattle 

 take 1 to 2 drams of the resin (podophyllin), with aloes 

 or calomel, or with niter or Epsom salt. Ginger prevents 

 nausea and griping. Sedatives depress the vital forces. 



