118 THE* DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 



from the urethra, it both precedes and succeeds it. It 

 may be caused by external as well as internal injury, dis- 

 ease, strains, overwork, &c. 



Remedy. — Oleaginous laxatives; sulphuric acid ; iron 

 salts; lead acetate internally. Ergotin and belladonna 

 hypodermically. Fresh sheep skins to loins; spinal hot 

 water bag. For doses, see pages 13 to 29. 



URINARY STONES (CALCULI), 



Are called i renal ' when in the kidney ; ' uretal ' when 

 in the tube leading from the kidney to the bladder; 

 ' cystic ' or i vesical ' when in the bladder ; ' urethral ' 

 when in the tube leading from the bladder outward. 



Kidney stones usually lodge in the pelvis (cavity) of 

 the kidney, but the funnels or canals are also sometimes 

 filled with them. Like other calculi they differ in size, 

 conformation, and consistence. Some weigh 25 ounces. 



Uretal stones are rare. They may be felt per rectum, 

 and may be cut out. 



Bladder stones are somewhat common. There are more 

 or less distinct symptoms of their presence, but the best 

 way to decide whether they exist or not is to feel per rec- 

 tum or vagina, especially when the bladder is empty. The 

 operation is easy and safe. Mares have been known, in 

 their agony, to expel their stones. 



Urethral stones are somewhat rare. They are usually 

 as large as a walnut, and hence cannot pass entirely 

 through the canal. They can be felt per rectum, and 

 sometimes, when near the external orifice of the penis, 

 can be touched with the finger. 



Remedy. — Dilute mineral acids for horse. Alkalies or 

 alkaline bicarbonates diminish tendency to urinary depos- 

 its, common especially among highly fed rams and wethers. 

 Ammonia benzolate helps resolution of phosphatic depos- 

 its in sheep. Diluents; cooling, laxative foods. Raise 

 feeding sheep thrice daily and drive them a few hundred 



