IN JURIES. 193 



by a grating noise ; separation or displacement of the parts ; 

 deformity, shortening, lameness ; pain on pressure ; heat, 

 swelling, tension, or the approach of inflammation. The 

 three chief principles of treatment are replacement, main- 

 tainment, and care. 



Compound and comminuted fractures are hopeless. Re- 

 ducible simple fractures are sometimes curable, such as 

 fracture of the ribs, cannon bones, arch of orbit, nasal 

 bones, upper and lower jaw bones, tail bones, arm, hock, 

 leg, pastern, and coffin (foot) bones. 



The following fractures are usually fatal : Skull, pelvis, 

 spine, scapula, humerus, femur, tibia, elbow, patella (stifle 

 bone), and the sesamoid (foot), coronary, and navicular 

 bones. 



Repeated displacements and indisposition to form callus 

 (bony substance between fractured parts) are also incurable. 



Remedy. — Put bones in apposition. Splints of leather, 

 lath, block-tin, paroplastic, or gutta-percha. Incase in 

 plaster of Paris ; starch bandages. Ends of bones may be 

 kept together by metallic sutures. Smart blister causes 

 outpouring of fibrinous, plastic, reparative material ; also 

 favors parts being kept at rest. Large animals may re- 

 quire slinking. Wounds in compound fractures treated 

 antiseptically. Calcium phosphate internally in weakly 

 subjects hastens union. For doses, see pages 13 to 29. 



DISLOCATIONS 



Occur less frequently than fractures and are usually less 

 remediable. They are either complete or partial. They 

 are caused by blows, falls, wrenches, &c, or by violent 

 action of muscles. In some cases these causes seem to co- 

 operate. Replacement, retention, and care are necessary 

 to recovery. 



The spine, especially at the neck, and the scapula and 

 hip are sometimes successfully replaced. 



Stifle dislocation is common and is easily remedied. 1. 



