222 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE 



What is the post-mortem appearance ? 



The membranes are pale, the large veins are full, the small 

 ones empty. 



On section, there is an absence of bloody points, the cut sur- 

 face is moist, and the substance is paler than normal. 



What are the causes ? 



It may be associated with general anaemia, in those cases com- 

 ing on slowly, or it may be the result of a severe hemorrhage, or 

 may be caused by pressure or thrombosis or a narrowing of the 

 vessels in that region or a dilatation of blood-vessels in other parts. 



What are the symptoms ? 



Vertigo or dizziness is usually present, there is nervous ex- 

 citement, the animal going forward or backward; there may be 

 twitchings of muscles about the head and in some cases about 

 the neck. 



What is the prognosis ? 



Unfavorable as a rule, but depends on the cause. 



Outline the treatment. 



Treat symptomatically ; build up the system and improve the 

 blood. 



Good food, light exercise, good hygiene, and watch the bowels. 



The drugs indicated are iron, strychnine, arsenic, etc. 



Alcoholic stimulants are useful in most cases. The bromides 

 and chloral are contra-indicated. 



The extremities should be hand-rubbed. 



CEREBKAL HEMOREHAGE. 



Give the synonyms. 



Encephalic hemorrhage; intracranial hemorrhage; cerebral 

 apoplexy; meningeal hemorrhage. 



What is the definition ? 



Cerebral hemorrhage may be defined to be a rupture of one 

 of the blood-vessels of the brain, characterized by coma and 

 paralysis. 



