WHAT IS DARWINISM? 109 



rience of other observers, was, as he expresses 

 it, his solemn conviction that species are fixed 

 and not transmutable. No ingenuity of device 

 could render hybrids fertile. " They never es- 

 tablish an intermediate species." It is, there- 

 fore, to the doctrine of evolution his attention 

 is principally directed. Nevertheless, he is 

 no less struck by Darwin's way of excluding 

 all intelligence and design in his manner of 

 speaking of nature. On this point he quotes 

 the language of Cuvier, who says : " Nature 

 has been personified. Living beings have 

 been called the works of nature. The general 

 bearing of these creatures to each other has 

 become the laws of nature. It is thus while 

 considering Nature as a being endowed with 

 intelligence and will, but in its power limited 

 and secondary, that it may be said that she 

 watches incessantly over the maintenance of 

 her work ; that she does nothing in vain, and 



always acts by the most simple means It 



is easy to see how puerile are those who give 

 nature a species of individual existence distinct 

 from the Creator, and from the law which He 

 has impressed upon the movements and pecul- 

 iarities of the forms given by Him to living 

 things, and which He makes to act upon their 



