I M> ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF 



than a broad angular forehead, prominent features, and a short 

 face ; nor of a horse with little breeding, than a narrow forehead 

 small features, and lengthened nose. The comparative develop 

 ment of the head and face indicates, with little error, the pre 

 ponderance of the animal or intellectual principle. 



Fracture of the nasal bones of the horse will sometimes occui 

 from falling, or a kick from the companion, or the brutality of 

 the attendant. It is generally followed by laceration of .the lin 

 ing membrane of the nostrils, and by haemorrhage. The bleed 

 ing may usually be arrested by the application of cold watei 

 externally. In spontaneous hsemorrhage, this decs not often 

 succeed until a considerable quantity of blood is lost. 



In cases of fracture of the nasal bones, the assistance of a 

 veterinary surgeon is indispensable. He alone knows the precise 

 anatomy of the parts, and will have recourse to the elevator or 

 the trephine, as circumstances may require. 



Ozena sometimes follows these wounds, or foundation may be 

 laid for the appearance of glanders. 



Spontaneous bleeding from the nose must be carefully attended 

 to. It may proceed from an over fulness of the blood vessels of 

 the membrane of the nose, consequent on very high condition, or 

 from the lungs. If from the nostril alone, it will usually be con- 

 fined to one side ; if from the lungs, the discharge is from both 

 nostrils, and generally mingled with mucus or froth ; and there 

 is also a quickened respiration, and more or less cough. 



If it is apparently connected with some slight cause, a dose of 

 physic and quietness for a day or two will be sufficient, and, if 

 necessary, a slight solution of alum may be injected up the nos- 

 stril. If the bleeding is apparently from the lungs, a more se- 

 rious evacuation will be required. 



These bones form the roof of an important cavity (see <2, 

 Fig. 3). The sides are constituted above by the nasal bones, 

 and, lower down, by the upper jaw-bones {sujjerior inaxillaries), 

 while plates from these latter bones project and compose the pal- 

 ate, which is both the floor of the nose and the roof of the 

 mouth {t, Fig. 3.) Above (near 8), not visible in our cut, is a 

 bone called the palatine, although it contributes very little ta 

 the formation of the palate. It is the termination of the palate, 

 or the border of the opening where the cavities of the mouth and 

 nose meet (8). The frontal sinuses, h, and large vacuities in the 

 upper jaw-bone, and in the sethmoid, I, and sphenoid bones, k, 

 communicate with and enlarge the cavity of the nose. 



This cavity is divided into two parts by a cartilage called the 

 Septum (see r. Fig. 3.) It is of considerable thickness and 

 strength, and divides the cavity of the nose into two equal parts. 

 It is placed in the centre for the purpose of strength, and it is 



