72 THE HORSE. 



necessary either to dove-tail the materials into one another, or to pass strong 

 iron chains round them. For want of sufficient attention to this, " tlie 

 dome of St. Sophia in Constantinople, built in the time of the Emperor Jus- 

 tinian, fell three times during its erection; and the dome of the cathedral 

 of Florence stood unfinished an hundred and twenty years for want of an 

 architect." 



Nature, in the construction of the horse's head, has taken away the' 

 pressure, or removed the probability of injury, by giving an additional layer 

 of bone, or a mass of muscle, where alone there was danger, and has dove- 

 tailed all the materials, and to make assurance doubly sure, has placed this 

 efTcctual girder at the base, in the overlapping of the squamous portion of 

 the temporal bone. 



In the ox, where, to give a secure base to the horn, the frontal bone 

 spreads over the whole fore-part of the head, and the crania-l cavity is suffi- 

 ciently secured by the beautiful mechanism between the two plates of that 

 bone, the temporal bone does not overlap the parietal. Nature gives every 

 thing essential to the protection and welfare of the animal, but nothing 

 superfluous. 



Above the jxirietals, and separated from them by a suture (fig. g, pp. 66 

 and 68, and fig. c, p. 66), is the occipital bone. Superiorly it covers and 

 protects the smaller portion of the brain, the cerebeilum ; and as it there 

 constitutes the summit or the crest of the head, and is not protected by mus- 

 cles, and particularly exposed to danger, it is interesting to see what thick- 

 ness it assumes. The head of the horse does not, like that of the human 

 being, ride upright on the neck, with all its weight supported by the spinal 

 column, and the only office of the muscles of the neck being to move the 

 head forward or backward, or horizontally on its pivot; but it hangs in a 

 slanting position from the extremity of the neck, and the neck itself pro- 

 jects a considerable distance from the chest, and thus the whole weight of 

 the head and neck are suspended from the chest, and require very great 

 power to support them. In addition to the simple weight of the head and 

 neck, the neck projecting from the chest, and the head hanging fi'om the 

 extremity of the neck, act with enormous mechanical force, and increase 

 more than a hundred-fold the power necessary to support them. 



It requires a strong man to lift a small table from the ground at arm's 

 length. The farmer's steelyards show that a weight of a kw pounds, at the 

 extremity, will counterbalance or act with a force equal to a hundred 

 weight ne.ar the hook or centre. 



The head and neck of the horse, and particularly of some horses of a 

 coarse breed, are of no little bulk and weight. We shall hereafter have to 

 show in what breeds, and for what purposes a light or heavy head and 

 neck are advantageous; but it may be safely affirmed, that, projecting so 

 far from the chest, and being consequently at so great a distance from the 

 fulcrum or support, the liglitest head will act or bear upon the joint be- 

 tween the last bone of the neck and the first rib, with a force equal to many 

 thousand pounds. 



How is this weight to be supported? Is the power of muscle equal to 

 the task ? The muscles of the animal frame can act for a certain time 

 with extraordinary force ; but as the exertion of this power is attended with 

 the consumption of vital energy, the period soon arrives when their action 

 is remitted or altogether suspended. 



Muscular power is altogether inadequate to the constant support of the 

 head of the horse. A provision, however, is made for the purpose, simple 

 and complete. 



