328 THE HORSE. 



vetebrsB or bones of the back (see d, page 163), and the five lumbar ver 

 tebrae or bones of the loins [f, p. 163). The continuation of the spine 

 consists of the sacrum or five bones (/t, p. 163), which, althougli separate 

 in the coit. are in the full-grown horse united in one mass. The bones of 

 the ileum, the upper and side portion of the haunch, articulate strongly with 

 the sacrum, forming a bony union rather tlian a joint. The spinal marrow, 

 and the blood-vessels generally, here begin to diminish, and immerous 

 branches of nerves are given out, which, joined by some from the vertebrae 

 of tlie loins, form tiie nerves of the hind legs. 



The bones of the tail (see i, p. 163), are a continuation of those of the 

 sacrum. They are fifteen in number, grad^ially diminisl)ing in size, and 

 losing altogether the character of the spinal vertebroe. Prolongations of 

 the spinal marrow run through the whole of them, and likewise arterial 

 vessels, being a continuation of those which supj)ly the sacrum. A great 

 deal of attention is paid by those who are acquainted with the horse 

 to this continuation of the sacral and tail bones. From the loins to the 

 selling on of tiie tail, the line should be nearly straight, or inclining only a 

 little way downward. There is not a surer test of the breed of the horse, 

 than ihis straight line from the loins to the tail ; nor, as we have shown, 

 when speaking of the muscles of the quarters, is there any circumstance 

 so much connected with the mechanical advantage with which these mus- 

 cles act. 



The tail was given to the horse to perfect the beauty of his form; to 

 assist in directing his course when he has not the guiding hand of man; 

 and more particularly to enable him to defend himself from the insects 

 by which in every climate he is annoyed. 



There are three sets of muscles belonging to the tail, one I'aising it (a 

 page 260), another depressing it {h, page 260), and a third set giving it a 

 side motion in every direction when acting singly, or very powerfully 

 lowering it when acting together. It would seem that the depressor and 

 lateral muscles are much more powerful than the erector muscles, and 

 that when the horse is undisturbed, the tail is bent down close on the 

 buttocks; but when he is excited, and particularly when he is at speed, 

 the erector muscles are called into action, the tail is elevated, and there is 

 given to him an appearance of energy and spirit, which adds materially 

 to his beauty. To perpetuate this character of fire, the operation of 

 nicking was contrived. The depressor muscles, and part of the lateral 

 ones are cut through; and the erector muscles are left without any antago- 

 nists, and keep the tail in a position more or less erect, according to the 

 whim of the operator, or the depth to which the incisions into the muscles 

 have been carried. 



The operation is thus performed : The side line is put on the horse, or 

 some deem it more prudent to cast him, and that precaution we should be 

 disposed to recommend. The hair at the end of the tail is securely tied 

 together for the purpose of afterwards attaching a weight to it. The 

 operator then grasps the tail in his hand, and lifting it up, feels for the 

 centre of one of the bones (the prominences at the extremities will guide 

 him to this), from two to four inches from the root of the tail, according to 

 the size of the horse. He then, with a sharp knife, divides the muscles 

 deep from the edge of the tail on one side to the centre, and continuing 

 the incision across the bone of the tail, he makes it as deep on the 

 other side. One continued incision, steadily, yet rapidly made, will 

 accomplish this. If it be a blood horse, this will be sufficient. For a 

 hunter, two incisions are usually made, the second being about two inches 

 below llie first, and likewise as nearly as possible in the centre of one of 



