Zoological Society. 289 



skulls and those of the Lappes is as strong as between four average 

 European crania, even belonging to the same nation, and altogether 

 their contour decidedly apj)roaches what Blumenbach calls tlie Mon- 

 golian form of skull, the head appearing, as it has been noticed by 

 an ocular observer, ' of tlic shape of a pent-house.' 



" It will be found, however, that it is more especially in a close 

 and minute examination that differences are seen to exist between 

 the Lappes and Finns, on the one hand, and the European skulls on 

 the other. 



" Viewed from above and behind, there is a slight difference obser- 

 vable between the Finn and the Lappe : the posterior part of the Lappe 

 is larger than the anterior, while the form of the Finn is more regu- 

 lar and rounded ; that is, the line between the parietal protuberances 

 exceeds the transverse diameter of the forehead more in the Lappe 

 than in the Finn. I find, however, that there is equal difference 

 in this respect between two European skulls even of the same nation. 

 Again, from the same point of view the skulls of the Lappes present 

 a central eminence or ridge, upon looking at the outline of the fore- 

 head (being the line of junction of the two halves of the frontal bone), 

 which is much less marked, in fact scarcely discernible in the Finn, 

 and altogether absent in the European, being on the contrary very 

 strikingly prominent in the Esquimaux. Examined anteriorly, how- 

 ever, a general view of these skulls gives us exactly opposite results ; 

 for the sagittal suture, which is now the median line, and the con- 

 tinuation backwards of the frontal suture of early life, upon looking 

 at the outline or horizon of the skull, is seen to project decidedly 

 more in the Finn than in the Lappe ; in both more than in other 

 Europeans. Hence we may fairly lay down, that the skulls of the 

 Finns and Lappes h^ve (as far only as the vault of the cranium, ex- 

 clusive of any effect produced by the width of the face, allows us to 

 conclude,) more tendency to the pyramidal form than the European, 

 but less than the Esquimaux. 



" Examining these skulls anteriorly, taking into consideration the 

 face, the triangular form is very evident, partly in consequence of 

 the fact above mentioned respecting the vault of the cranium, and 

 partly in consequence of the great width between the external sur- 

 faces of the malar bones, which in actual measurement in the two 

 Lappes and the two Finns exceeds the length of the same diameter 

 in other Europeans by at least half an inch, and in one case by nearly 

 an inch, being equal to the same diameter in the Esquimaux ; in the 

 latter, however, which exhibits the pyramidal shape in a remarkable 

 degree, the form is owing as much to the shape of the forehead as 

 to the lateral projection of the anterior roots of the zygomatic pro- 

 cesses. This width across the face is, as has been correctly observed 

 by Dr. Hueck, not owing to the increased breadth or altered shape 

 in the malar bone, so much as to the altered width and direction of 

 the malar process of the superior maxillary bone. 



" The outline of the external surface of this bone, viewed from a 

 point exactly in front of the skull ; that is to say, the line which 

 runs from the furthest molar tooth that is visible from this jjoint to 



