to pay a certain fine into tlie treasury. In 

 England larye rewards were given for the 

 finest display of honey and beeswax of one's 

 own raising;, and obtained witiiout sacrific- 

 ing the lives of tlie bees. Prominent men 

 wrote booltson tlie sulijectdesigned entirely 

 for the benefit of the cottagers, and the same 

 unselfish course is still pursued in Europe. 

 A brief mention of some of the most use- 

 ful inventions and discoveries must close 

 our notice of the progress of bee-culture in 

 Europe. Dzierzon discovered the partlu no- 

 genesis of the queen bee, and Siebold, 

 Leukart, Berlepsch and other eminent Ger- 

 man naturalists demonstrated it. Dzierzon 

 also discovered flour to be a sul)stitute for 

 pollen. Mehring made the first artificial 

 honey comb foundation. Major Von 

 Hrusclil^a invented the honey extractor. 

 The bellows smokers so well adapted 

 to the apiary have been used in all parts of 

 Europe for the past one hundred yenrs or 

 more. Some liad straight and some bent 

 nozzles, and some of the nozzles were 

 hinged to the bellows and were turned at 

 right angles for draft when not in use, and 

 also to receive the materials for the smoke. 

 Tiiese might have been appropriately called 

 breech-loaders. 



Keaumur first described artificial fertili- 

 zation of queens in confinement. His experi- 

 ment called the "Amours of the Queen 

 Bee," made under a glass vessel with the 

 drones is exceedingly funny and sounds 

 very modern, but is too lengtliy for notice 

 here. 



Bees came with the Pilgrim Fathers to 

 America, and were carried by the early 

 pioneers to all parts, until now they are to 

 be found in every portion of the Western 

 Continent, but owing to the many toils and 

 cares incident to the development of a new 

 country, together with their lack of knowl- 

 edge of the subject, little attention was 

 paid to bees until within the past thirty 

 or forty years. 



The first record of a movable frame hive 

 in America may be found in the Cultivator, 

 for June, 1840, by Solon Robinson, now of 

 Jacksonville, Florida. The second inven- 

 tion may be found in the Scientific Ameri- 

 can for March (Uh, 1847. The inventor, Mr. 

 Shaw, of Hinckly, 0., I believe is still living. 

 Movable frames were also used by Marcus 

 Robinson, at Jamaica Plains, Mass., in 1848, 

 and varied in no respect from the Langstroth 

 frame and hive. This on the affidavit of 

 Solon Robinson, The same style of frame 

 was used about the same time at Dan vers, 

 Mass., as per the afiidavit of Mr. Putnam, 

 of Galesburg, III. These affidavits are on 

 record in the office of the Hon. A. F. Perry, 

 corner of Main and Third streets, Cincinnati, 

 Ohio. 



Harbison, Townley, Flander, Metcalf and 

 some others claim to have known of mova- 

 ble frame liives between 1845 and 1850. A 

 few books were written on bees about this 

 time, but possessed little merit either in 

 theory or practice. 



About 1853 the Rev. L. L. Langstroth 

 patented the hive which still bears his 

 name and which many prominent bee-keep- 

 ers still use with but slight modifications. 

 This gentleman took hold of the matter in 

 earnest. He sold large portions of the 



territory covered by his patent to influential 

 and wealthy men who, in connection with 

 liimself, introduced the hive far and wide 

 and thus demonstrated that a patent is not 

 necessarily an evil, as many seem to suppose, 

 for it proved in his hands a powerful means 

 of advancing the true scienceof bee-culture. 

 This he soon followed up with his book 

 "The Hive and the Honey Bee," which is 

 perhaps the most complete and scholarly 

 production of its kind ev»'r written in any 

 age or country, and shows its author to have 

 been perfectly familiar with the best litera- 

 ture on this subject in the Old World, and a 

 perfect master of both the science and 

 practice of bee-keeping. To Mr. Langstrotlr 

 —although not the first— more than to any 

 other nnm, are we indebted for the intro- 

 duction of new races of bees to mix with 

 our own, and thus prevent the evil of in- 

 and-in breeding. 



The "Mysteries of Bee-keeping Ex- 

 plained" appeared simultaneously with Mr. 

 L's book. The author, the late lamented 

 M. Quinby. showed in this work a familiar- 

 ity with the economy of the bee truly 

 astonishing to one writing at that time. It 

 was eminently practical, and did much valu- 

 able work for the advancement of rational 

 bee-culture. He also invented the best form 

 of a bellows smoker then in use and this 

 has been further improved by the addition 

 of the directdraft principle invented by Mr. 

 T. F. Bingham, which leaves nothing more 

 to be desired in this line. 



Mr. Quinby wrote largely for the Agri- 

 cultural press of the country. He freely 

 gave all his ideas and inventions to the pub- 

 lic for the promotion of the cause he loved, 

 and labored faithfully to raise bee-keeping 

 to the dignity of a distinct profession. The 

 quiet, noble self-sacrificing spirit manifested 

 l5y this truly givat man, will be talked of 

 aiid cherished and felt so long as the keep- 

 ing of bees shall engage the attention of 

 men. The writings of Mrs. Tupper. the 

 Harbisons, Metcalf, N. H. & H. A. King, 

 Prof. Cook, and others, have done a vast 

 work in bringing aboutthe present advanced 

 stage of l)ee-keeningin this country. While 

 A. 1. Root, T. G. Newman and your hum- 

 ble servant, realizing that "constant drop- 

 ping wears out a stone," are constantly 

 pelting away at the superstitions and pre- 

 judices of the people, and hope, ere Ioul'. to 

 end the battle in complete triumph. The 

 most convincing arguments, however, are 

 those whicli appeal to thepdlitte, and pnrhct, 

 and these are being effectually used by Har- 

 bison, Hetiierinsjfton. Doolittle, Betsinger, 

 Clark, C. J. Quinby. and many others, iu 

 the shape of tons of honey as beautiful and 

 pure as the nectar which Jupiter sips. And 

 this is being distributed all over the world 

 by Thurl)er. Quinbv. E. & O. Ward. Thorn 

 & Co., of this city, Muth, of Ciini., Vincent, 

 of N. O.. and by the lartre dealers in other 

 cities. We learn from statistics that there 

 are now in the United States about 1.000 

 ditferent bee hives covered by patent, and a 

 still larger number unpatented. Nearly all 

 the inventions of European origin have been 

 greatly improved l)y our Yankee ingenuity, 

 and nien everywhere are waking up to the 

 importance of this industry as never before. 

 Tlie aggregate yield of honey is largely on 



