4i8 



NATURE 



{Sept. 9, 1875 



vulsions, or by gradual paralysis of the centres of respiration, 

 thus causing asphyxia. 8. There is no appreciable immediate 

 action on the sympathetic system of nerves. There is probably 

 a secondary action, because after large doses the vasomotor 

 centre, in common with other centres, becomes involved. 9. 

 There is no difference, so far as could be discovered, between 

 the physiological action of bases obtained from cinchonine and 

 those derived from tar. 



This paper, besides its purely scientific value, is of some interest 

 to general readers on account of the fact discovered by Vohl and 

 Eulenburg, that chinoline and pyridine are produced during the 

 combustion of tobacco, and that the effects of tobacco smoking 

 are to a great extent due to the action of these and similar 

 bases. 



Department of Anthropology. 



INIr. John Evans, in moving a vote of thanks to Prof. RoUeston 

 for his address, said it supplied the strongest evidence of the 

 necessity for the application of the natural history method to 

 anthropology ; and the value of the study was shown by the 

 way in which it had been brought to bear on questions of the 

 present day. — Dr. Carpenter, in supporting the resolution, desired 

 to refer to Dr. Prichard as a Bristol man, and because he had 

 been mainly instrumental in directing his course at the outset 

 of his public life ; by his advice he had read his first paper 

 before the British Association at its former visit to Bristol. His 

 thoughts were those of a physiologist among physiologists, 

 and a scholar among scholars, but he was resolved to keep 

 the threads together if possible. He was perhaps the first 

 to bring a large idea of species to bear upon the origin of 

 man, and to trace out intermediate links and gradational cha- 

 racters, and to investigate the analogous features in the history of 

 domesticated animals. With regard to the antiquity of man, 

 he believed that Prichard was the first to propound the doctrine, 

 now so generally accepted, of the much greater antiquity of man 

 than could be supposed if the genealogies of Genesis were accu- 

 rate. He made a careful and scientific investigation of those 

 genealogies, and found it absolutely necessary to conclude that 

 they could not be relied upon for chronological evidence ; and 

 when he further came to consider the amount of time necessary 

 to produce such strongly marked races as the Jewish and the 

 Egyptian, on the hypothesis of the unity of the race and the 

 time which would be required to produce such divarications of 

 language as existed in the early historical period, he was addi- 

 tionally supported in his view as to the antiquity of the human 

 race. 



Col. Lane Fox gave a most interesting account of recent exca- 

 vations in Cissbury Camp, near Worthing, of which full details 

 will be published at the earliest possible time. He said that the 

 entrenchment was one of the largest in the south of England, 

 and had all the peculiarities of a British earthwork. Camden 

 spoke of this camp as the work of Cissa, the Saxon king of the 

 district, from whom, in his opinion and in great probability, 

 it derived its name of Cissbury. He believed the first notice of 

 the place as a flint factory was by himself in 1868, when, finding 

 a large quantity of flint flakes on the surface and a number of 

 large pits which filled the interior of the camp on the west side, 

 he dug into some of them to a depth of four or five feet, and found 

 in them a still further number of flakes, together with finished 

 and unfinished flint tools. It was evident that here was a flint 

 factory, and that it was established because of the much greater 

 ease of working the flints when first removed from the chalk. 

 He had no idea then of the great extent of the mining operations 

 of these chalk people, nor did he think it necessary to dig deeper, 

 some of the pits as left open, and further opened by himself, 

 being twenty feet deep. They appeared to be quite deep enough 

 for a sufficient quantity of flints to be got. The true nature of 

 these flint works was illuminated by accident, viz., by the cutting 

 of a railway from Franieres to Chimay, when fifty-five deep 

 shafts of this kind were cut through, with galleries proceeding 

 from them. In 1870 Canon Green well had excavated pits at 

 Brandon, and found similar shafts and galleries. Since then 

 Mr. Tindall, of Brighton, had opened one of the pits at Ciss- 

 bury, and found a shaft thirty-five feet deep, with Bos prinii- 

 genius and other remains of wild animals. Mr. E. Willett had 

 excavated another twenty-five feet deep, and found galleries 

 leading from them ; and it was established that the flints did not 

 exist so near the surface as he (Col. Lane Fox) had supposed. 

 The question now became of great importance as to the relative 

 age of the flint factory and the entrenchment in which it was 

 situated. Since June last, and up to the week before the meeting 



of the Association, he had superintended work at these pits, 

 aided by subscriptions from members of the Anthropological 

 Institute. In April last he had opened a section in the ditch 

 round the entrenchment in layers of eighteen inches to two feet, 

 and found, in the upper layer, two oval flint implements, frag- 

 ments of red earthenware, oyster shells, snail shells, bones of 

 domestic animals, and fragments of Romano- British pottery. In 

 the second layer there was ferruginous chalk rubble, with un- 

 touched nodules, and abundance of Helix nemoralis. In the 

 third layer was found white chalk rubble, with bones of pig and ox, 

 and oyster shells, and small fragments of British pottery. There 

 was no indication of anything absolutely of the Roman period ; 

 any such indications were in the upper layer, and they were not 

 conclusive. In the subsequent investigations he had been 

 assisted by Professors Rolleston and Hughes, Mr. Harrison, and 

 others. He saw that there were pits on the outside of the camp, 

 that they were shallower, and that there were no flints about. 

 He thought that if he dug out one or two nearest the entrench- 

 ment, he might see whether they were the mouths of old shafts. 

 He found that they were so, and became satisfied that they were 

 all shafts. Then he thought that the best means of ascertaining 

 the relative ages of shafts and entrenchment was to dig in the 

 ditch at the point where the line of shafts intersected the rampart. 

 He first dug out the bottom of the ditch in layers as before, and 

 in the second layer below the surface found fragments of 

 Romano-British pottery, but none in the bottom layers. It was 

 evident that this filling in of the ditch was due to the degrada- 

 tion of the central part of the entrenchment. It was also clear 

 that pottery of the kind found was not used when the ditch was 

 sunk. The side of the ditch sloped inwards to the west, but 

 towards the east the inner side was perfectly upright, and the 

 rubble near the upright part was quite white instead of yellow, 

 showing that the excavators, when they came to the shafts, had 

 cut through the rubble which had been used previously to fill 

 up the shaft ; the excavation was then continued into the shaft to 

 6 feet 6 inches below the old bottom of the ditch, and deer-horn 

 tines and the scapula of an ox were found. In the bottom of 

 the shaft galleries were found opening out of it ; one ran north 

 for twenty feet, and was two feet high. It rose at an angle of 5°, 

 which was the angle of stratification of the chalk. In the sides 

 of the galleries, at a height of a foot and a half, here and there, 

 flints were found in situ, so that it was plain that the seam of 

 flints had been followed. The flints were not 1 cached till they 

 got to seventeen feet below the original surface of the ground. 

 Another gallery was found running south, and then a chamber 

 was entered, which became high, and it was discovered that it 

 communicated with a shaft in the counterscarp of the ditcli. It 

 was conclusively proved that the shaft had been filled in before 

 the ditch was made, and that afterwards the rubble which filled 

 in the inner shaft had been thrown up over the outer shaft 

 forming the rampart. The shaft had been filled in up to 

 the top, apparently by the people who had made it. In 

 filling it they had partly used rubble and partly clay. It 

 was found in layers sloping down, intersected with seams 

 of clay ; these seams were quite unconformable with the 

 shaft or with the surrounding strata, but they were evi- 

 dently derived from clay which was to be met with near the 

 surface of the upper part of the entrenchment. They then fol- 

 lowed out another shaft, and when nearly at the bottom he was 

 astounded by a human jaw-bone falling down at his feet from the 

 wall of the shaft ; and looking up, he saw the skull resting with the 

 base downwards between two of the blocks of chalk rubble. He 

 procured at once other eyes to see it in its actual position, and 

 then it was taken away, for it was in a very precarious situation. 

 It and the accompanying human bones would be commented 

 on by Prof. Rolleston. This and another shaft gave the same 

 evidences, and had galleries running out of them, and it was 

 clear that the outer rampart had been formed by the rubble 

 thrown out from these fiiled-up shafts. A seam of flints was 

 found in one of the galleries, and around and on the surfaces of 

 some of them were found a number of marks which corresponded 

 exactly with the deer-horn tines found, so that evidently the flints 

 had been picked out by the aid of deer-horns. As to the imple- 

 ment found, in his opinion there were all transitions between 

 Palaeolithic and Neolithic implements. But the resemblance to 

 paleolithic might be, he thought, more apparent than real, and 

 partly might be due to their being unfinished. It was very diffi- 

 cult to command the breaking of flints, as he had found by actual 

 experiment ; and thus many unfinished implements were left in the 

 pits. But there was one celt which was finished at the thin end, 

 and was evidently of the Palaeolithic type ; and others \Yere 



