700 



NATURE 



[January 27, 192 1 



separent de la vdrite complete que je fonde 

 I'Jnstitut de Paleontologie humaine en lui donnant 

 touterindependance necessaire pourconduire notre 

 esprit vers la lumifere. Et je confie ses interfits a 

 des hommes qui servent la Science avec une sin- 

 c^rite capable de dtivelopper sa force et de pro- 

 tdger sa »iarche contre I'influence des interven- 

 tions passionnees." 



At the conclusion of the Prince's address, brief 

 speeches were made by M. Honnorat, Minister of 

 Public Instruction, M. Perrier, and M. Le Cor- 

 beiller, president of the Municipal Council, the 

 last named speaking on behalf of the city of 

 Paris. Lastly, M. E. Cartailhac, the veteran 

 archaeologist, expressed his joy at the creation of 

 the institute, which, he said, had been his dearest 

 wish throughout his career as an archaeologist. 



The • Institute of Human Palaeontology is the 



materialisation of a conception of the aims and 

 methods of prehistoric archajology formed by the 

 Prince of Monaco when first he turned serious 

 attention to the subject. It is, in a sense, a 

 pendant to the institute he has founded for the 

 study of oceanography, for, as he said in his in- 

 augural address, "L'Ocdanographie, qui embrasse 

 les origines du Monde, m'a rapproch^ de 

 I'Anthropologie qui renferme les plus profonds 

 secrets de I'Humanite. " The reward which the 

 Prince will seek for his munificent benefaction will 

 lie in the results which may be expected from the 

 facilities for study and research which he has 

 placed at the disposal of science ; but this reward 

 will in itself be only a further addition to the debt 

 already owed to him by archaeology. His Serene 

 Highness Prince Albert has indeed erected "a 

 monument more lasting than brass." 



Obituary. 



Dr. J. B. Crozier. 



DR. JOHN BEATTIE CROZIER (born at 

 Gait, Canada, on April 23, 1849; died in 

 London on January 8) was a thinker who' knew 

 how to combine philosophic breadth with scientific 

 substance. His first master in speculative thought 

 was Herbert Spencer, but he soon began to 

 deviate from what he took to be the materialistic 

 outcome of Spencer's psychology. The fault he 

 found was that Spencer, in investigating mind, 

 failed to view it adequately except from the ob- 

 jective side, as correlated with the 'orain and 

 nervous system. This correlation itself Crozier 

 accepted in the most thoroughgoing way ; but, as 

 the body is an organic unity, so also, he held, 

 must the mind be unitary ; and, by introspection, 

 he found a "scale in the mind," not unlike that of 

 the Platonic psychology, though it was for him 

 an independent discovery. In this scale, truth, 

 beauty, and love are at the top ; such feelings as 

 honour, ambition, and self-respect in the middle ; 

 and such qualities as greed and, in general, animal 

 appetite at the bottom. This led Crozier to a 

 metaphysical doctrine (though he was inclined to 

 repudiate the term metaphysics) according to 

 which the higher attributes of mind are superior 

 not only in quality, but also, correspondingly, in 

 ultimate strength. 



What this scale or order in the mind points to, 

 though it does not actually prove it, is dominance 

 of the universe by a Supreme Intelligence. This 

 view Crozier arrived at early, as may be seen in 

 some extremely interesting chapters of " My Inner 

 Life " (1898), and preserved to the end, as is set 

 forth in "Last Words on Great Issues" (1917). 

 It did not amount, he frankly admitted, to a 

 religious creed. Having no mystical turn, he set 

 to work in a scientific spirit on the investigation 

 of human history, where, if anywhere, verifica- 

 tion might be expected. The clue was the newly 

 demonstrated theory of biological evolution, in 

 which his master was Darwin. In the history 

 of civilised peoples, on a wide survey, he found 

 NO. 2674, VOL. 106] 



laws of progress ; and these he made it his purpose 

 to bring out in his central and best-known work, 

 "The History of Intellectual Development." 



In this and his other books, which grouped 

 themselves naturally around it, Crozier carried 

 out with approximate completeness, with literary 

 interest dittused over the whole, and in the end 

 with considerable acceptance on the part of the 

 public, the scheme he had set before himself in 

 the beginning. Presiding over his studies of his- 

 torical evolution was his other great leading idea, 

 that of social consensus — no doubt more vividly 

 realised through his occupation with the profession 

 of medicine. ks the individual mind, like the 

 body, is an organic whole, so is a society con- 

 sidered mentally as well as in its physical inter- 

 connection ; and, apart from society, the individual 

 is unintelligible. 



Quite rightly, in his latest book, Crozier claims 

 to have anticipated much recent development of 

 a general theory which he had already styled the 

 "doctrine of the herd." His versatility went 

 along with a capacity for close study and a gift 

 of illumining social observation ; and where he 

 was not an expert he was ready to be corrected 

 by experts. 



By the death of Mr. Edmund J. Spitta on 

 January 21, at sixty-eight years of age, micro- 

 scopical science has lost another earnest student 

 and exponent. While in general medical prac- 

 tice for many years, Mr. Spitta found time to 

 contribute to more than one branch of micro- 

 scopy, and his retirement to Hove several years 

 ago enabled him to devote the remaining years 

 of his life to the subject. He took an active part 

 in the proceedings of the Quekett Microscopical 

 Club, of which he was a past-president, and of 

 the Royal Microscopical Society, of which, as well 

 as of the Royal Astronomical Societ}-, he was a 

 past vice-president. Mr. Spitta made some 

 contributions to the subject of pond life, 

 but it was particularly photomicrography and 



