76 



NATURE 



{Nov. 22, 1888 



used to illustrate the modifications shown by submerged 

 leaves, while the leaf of Iris is introduced as the example, 

 among Monocotyledons, of iso-bilateral construction. In 

 the account of the root of Monocotyledons we regret 

 that no mention is made of the exodermis or hypodermal 

 layer. The great importance of this layer as a protective 

 dermal structure to the older roots, especially in plants 

 destitute of periderm, has been sufficiently shown by 

 Olivier and others, and there seems no reason why it 

 should any longer be ignored in elementary teaching. 

 The exodermis is indeed mentioned (under the older, but 

 now somewhat confusing, name of endodermis) in the 

 new section on aerial roots (p. 195), but it would be a 

 mistake to suppose that it is by any means confined to 

 roots of this category. 



The work on the reproductive organs of Angiosperms 

 has been on the whole but little altered, the naked-eye 

 observation of various typical flowers being the most 

 important addition. In the account of the Blue-bell 

 (p. 203) it would perhaps be well to define \ht perianth, 

 as beginners often fail to see that it corresponds to both 

 calyx and corolla. The Rhododendron is introduced (p. 

 215) for the study of pollen-tubes. The section on the 

 development of endosperm, and on the continuity of 

 protoplasm between its cells, is new (p. 218). 



Going on to the Gymnosperms, we find that the de- 

 scription of the stem of Abies now precedes that of Pinus 

 doubtless on account of the simpler external morphology 

 of the former. In the histological examination of the 

 wood of Pinus we are sorry that the expression " irregu- 

 larities of structure called bordered pits" has been 

 allowed to stand (p. 230), as it does scant justice to 

 these singularly beautiful organs. The introduction of 

 the leaf and the root of the Yew is a great gain to this 

 part of the anatomical investigation, while the description 

 of the reproductive organs of the same plant is of even 

 greater value. 



Among the Pteridophyta, the chapters on Selaginella 

 and Lycopodium have scarcely been altered. It may be 

 pointed out that it is not quite accurate to describe the 

 phloem in the vascular cylinder of Lycopodium as form- 

 ing a matrix (p. 268), for the true phloem is limited to the 

 isolated bands of tissue which alternate with the groups 

 of xylem. 



In the account of the homosporous Ferns the most 

 important change is the introduction of Pteris for the 

 minute structure of the vascular bundle. For this pur- 

 pose it is certainly the best easily accessible type. 

 Several useful diagrams now illustrate this chapter, among 

 which that of the vascular skeleton of the Male Fern, 

 will be especially welcome. 



Pilularia is added as a new type, representing the 

 heterosporous Filicineae. It is certainly well that the 

 student should be made acquainted with this interesting 

 group of plants, and this addition may perhaps be re- 

 garded as the most important in the book. The relation 

 of the vascular bundle in Pilularia to that of the true Ferns 

 might have been made somewhat clearer if that type 

 of bundle had been described, in which the two ends, as 

 seen in transverse section, are not completely confluent. 



Three appendices and an index have been addad to 

 this edition, the index referring to both parts of the book. 

 Appendix I, includes reagents, and the method of pre- 



paring them. Appendix II. gives the reactions of the 

 various substances occurring in plants : and Appendix 

 III, is a most useful list of material, with directions for 

 obtaining it. This last appendix is in two divisions, 

 the second of which contains the material required for 

 Part II. (Bryophyta — Thallophyta). 



The extensive changes which this volume has under- 

 gone have rendered it more than ever an invaluable aid 

 to the study of plants in the laboratory. English students 

 may be congratulated on their good fortune in possessing 

 such a hand-book, and we may confidently hope that the 

 present edition of Prof. Bower's work may render even 

 greater services to scientific education than did its 

 predecessor. D. H. S. 



THE SENSES, INSTINCTS, AND INTELLI- 

 GENCE OF ANIMALS. 



The Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Atti7nals, with 

 special Reference to Insects. By Sir John Lubbock, 

 Bart., M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. "International 

 Scientific Series," Vol. LXV. (London : Kegan Paul, 

 Trench, and Co., 1888.) 



MUCH consideration of the ways of ants has imparted 

 to Sir John Lubbock so large a measure of the 

 wisdom of industry, that even King Solomon himself 

 could scarcely have failed to appreciate the result. The 

 work which has just appeared under the above title may 

 be regarded as a sister volume to the " Ants, Bees, and 

 Wasps," in the same scientific series. Its scope, how- 

 ever, is wider, and, in consequence, its subject-matter is 

 calculated to be of even more interest to the general 

 public, notwithstanding that " Ants, Bees, and Wasps " 

 is already in its ninth edition. 



" The Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals '' 

 runs to close upon three hundred pages, of which only 

 about the last fifty are devoted to instincts and intelli- 

 gence. The book, therefore, is primarily a treatise on 

 the organs of special sense throughout the animal king- 

 dom. As such, it deserves to be regarded as a valuable 

 contribution, not only to the library of the general reader, 

 but also to that of the working biologist. For while, on 

 the one hand, it does not presuppose even the most ele- 

 mentary knowledge on the part of its readers, on the 

 other it constitutes an excellent hand-book of reference 

 to the principal literature on the subject. Of course, in 

 the latter respect it is by no means exhaustive, nor does 

 it profess to be what we understand by a text-book. 

 Nevertheless, it will prove exceedingly useful as a book 

 to be consulted by any naturalist who, having previously 

 worked in other lines, may have occasion to require an 

 index to the more important literature of sense-organs, 

 especially of the Invertebrata. Considerably over one 

 hundred authors are alludedto, and the essay is illustrated 

 by 118 woodcuts, derived from the original memoirs 

 quoted. 



A considerable portion of this essay is occupied with 

 an account of the author's own experiments on the special 

 senses of insects, &c., together with replies to criticisms 

 which have been advanced by high authorities in Germany 

 and France, both as against some of his facts and some of 

 his inferences. Without going into particulars, we may 



