February i6, 1922] 



NATURE 



223 



fatigue increased, they tended to give more vigorous 

 nnd more numerous strokes, to pause longer between 

 x\\ stroke, and to take a longer time over each 

 ; oke. In other words, Messrs. Farmer and Brooke 

 prove that the tired "rougher " is "not only working 

 slower than when she is fresh, but is also expending 

 her energy extravagantly." 



University and Educational Intelligence. 



London. — The Franks research studentship in 

 archaeology, value looi. for one year, is offered. 

 Applications must reach the Academic Registrar, the 

 University of London, South Kensington, S.W.7, by, 

 at latest, March 2. 



Sheffield. — The council of the University has made 

 the following appointments : — Mr. Douglas Hay to be 

 professor of mining; Mr. A. J. Saxton, assistant lec- 

 turer in physics ; Mr. L. W. Cole, assistant lecturer 

 and demonstrator in botany; Mr. H. W. Southgate, 

 lecturer in pharmacology ; Dr. E. F. Finch and Mr. 

 V. Townrow, assistant curators of the Pathological 

 Museum ; and Dr. A. G. Yates, demonstrator in 

 medical pathology. 



Last year the Civic Education League organised a 

 very interesting Easter visit to Belgium for the pur- 

 pose of civic study. This year a similar visit to Hol- 

 land is being arranged. x\nyone interested in civic 

 studies may join the party, and early application to 

 Miss Margaret Tatton, secretary. Civic Education 

 League, Leplay House, 65 Belgrave Road, S.W.i, 

 should be made. Members of the party will have 

 special facilities for first-hand contact with the work 

 and personnel of the chief social and economic institu- 

 tions of the country. 



The annual prize distribution at the Sir John Cass 

 Technical Institute, Aldgate, E.C.3, was held on 

 Wednesday, February 8, when the prizes were dis- 

 tributed by Prof. William Rothenstein, principal of 

 the Royal College of Art, The' chairman of the 

 governing body, the Rev. J. F. Marr, in giving 

 a summary of the work of the institute during 

 the past session, stated that the increase in 

 the number of students had been more than 

 maintained, and that the capacity of the institute, 

 especially in the science departments, had been taxed 

 to the utmost. Twenty students had been engaged 

 in research work during the session, and the total 

 number of investigations published from the institute 

 had now reached 115. The Department of Petroleum 

 Technology, which was initiated at the commence- 

 ment of the present session, is one of the institute's 

 most important developments, and there were already 

 150 students in attendance. Representatives of the 

 industry have acted as a consultative committee to 

 advise the governors in respect to the courses of study 

 which have been provided, and the chief oil companies 

 of the London area have given generous support 

 towards the equipment and maintenance of the depart- 

 ment. In the course of an address on "Education 

 and Industry " Prof. Rothenstein said he regarded 

 every kind of education as something in the nature 

 of a pursuit after truth. Whereas there was much lip- 

 liomage to science and art and the crafts by our mer- 

 chant princes and captains of industry, these employers 

 did not have the same faith in them as their em- 

 ployees. Commercial men in past civilisations some- 

 how knew how to ask for the best, but that was not 

 true of our own civilisation. What we required was a 

 standard of commerce which knew how to utilise 

 what was best in the arts and sciences, for he refused 

 to believe that people, in general, did not value that 

 which was good and beautiful in production. 

 NO. 2729, VOL. 109] 



Calendar of Industrial Pioneers. 



February 16, 1890. William Jarvis McAlpine died — 



Trained under Jervis, the chief engineer of the Dela- 

 ware and Hudson Canal, McAlpine became State 

 Engineer for New York, and was also State Railroad 

 Commissioner. At the request of the Austro-Hun- 

 garian Government he prepared plans for the improve- 

 ment of the Danube. He was the first American to 

 become a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 

 and in 1886 was president of the sister institution in 

 the United States. 



February 18, 1888. Thomas Turner Tate died — In 

 conjunction with Sir William Fairbairn, Tate was 

 the author of memoirs on the vapour tension of super- 

 heated steam and on the strength of materials in 

 relation to the construction of iron ships, and was the 

 inventor of the double piston air-pump. For some 

 years he was mathematical master at Battersea Train- 

 ing College, and was known for his educational works. 



February 19, 1816. Jean Pierre Francois Guillot 

 Duhamel died — An early student at the Ecole des 

 Ponts et Chaussees, Duhamel accompanied Gabriel 

 Jars in his extended industrial tour throughout 

 Europe, and on his return to France did much to 

 improve the manufacture of steel. He afterwards be- 

 came Government Inspector of Forges and Furnaces, 

 a professor of metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines, and 

 a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. 



February 20, 1825. Joseph Marie Francois Cachin died. 

 — One of the most distinguished French civil engineers 

 of his day, Cachin was intimately connected with the 

 improvernents of the harbour of Cherbourg, and in 

 1820 published his " M^moire sur la digue .de Cher- 

 bourg comparee au breakwater, ou jetde, de Ply- 

 mouth." 



February 20, 1826. Matthew Murray died — With 

 Fenton and Wood, Murray founded a mechanical 

 engineering works at Leeds which became one of the 

 rivals of Boulton and Watt. The firm built flax- 

 making machinery and constructed some of the earliest 

 Blenkinsop locomotives, and Murray is generally 

 credited with the invention of the short D-slide valve 

 for steam engines. 



February 20, 1913. Sir William Arrol died. — The 

 builder of many famous bridges, Arrol between 1882 

 and 1887 reconstructed the viaduct over the Firth of 

 Tay, and between 1883 and 1890 built the Forth 

 Bridge. This bridge, designed by Fowler and Baker, 

 has always been regarded as one of the greatest 

 engineering structures in Ihe world. With a total 

 length of 8295 ft., of which the three cantilevers 

 account for 5349 ft., the bridge contains 51,000 tons 

 of steel, while the towers rise to a height of 360 ft. 

 and the line is carried 150 ft. above the. water at 

 high tide. Arrol was knighted at the opening of the 

 bridge by Edward VII. 



February 21, 1888. George Henry Corliss died — The 

 greatest steam-engine builder of America, Corliss 

 about 1848 entered into partnership with Nightingale 

 at Providence, Rhode Island. Adopting the trip gear 

 of Sickells, he brought out the Corliss form of steam 

 engine, which on account of its improved economy 

 and regular turning movement became known all 

 over the world. 



February 21, 1912. Osborne Reynolds died — For 

 nearly forty vears professor of engineering at Owens 

 College, Manchester, Reynolds made many investiga- 

 tions of importance to engineers and shipbuilders, such 

 as those on screw propulsion, du flow of liquids, the 

 condensation of steam, the transmission of heat, and 

 lubrication. Ho was the inventor of the compound 

 turbine. E. C. S. 



