March 9, 1922] 



NA TURE 



325 



University and Educational Intelligence. 



Manchester. — Prof. H. R. Dean, having been 



^pointed to the Chair of Bacteriology in the Univer- 



of London, has resigned his appointment as 



;tor Professor of Pathology. 



The University Colston Society has decided to 



iblish, with the aid of industrial firms, a number 



Colston Research Fellowships in the faculties of 



;, science, medicine and engineering of the Univer- 



of Bristol. It is proposed to approach firms in 



area served by the University with the view of 



lining support for fellowships by the payment of 



rly sums of 150/., in return for which it would be 



sible for the donor to earmark the award for a 



ticular branch of study, subject, or person, subject 



the approval of the University faculty involved. 



lese fellowships, which will be of the annual value 



150/., will be awarded to graduates of the Univer- 



of Bristol and be tenable for one year. Should 



suitable graduate of the University present himself 



fellowship may be awarded to a graduate of another 



I versify or to any approved person. This scheme 

 les as an addition to the numerous grants which 

 many years past have been made by the Colston 



:iety for the encouragement of research in the 

 liversity of Bristol. 



JThe Association of University Teachers, the presi- 



it of which is Prof. J. Strong, of the University 



Leeds, has issued the first number of a publica- 



lon, the University Bulletin {6d.), which it is intended 



produce terminally. Its primary object is to serve 



the organ of the association, and an editing com- 



ittee, composed of Prof. J. Strong, Mr. R. D. 



lurie, and Mr. F. Smith, is in charge. In an editorial 



)te in the issue before us it is stated that the Bulletin 



II bring to the notice of its readers the doings and 

 >hcy of the council of the association, and will 

 ideavour to foster the effort to extend the influence 



the universities in the life of the nation. Other 



is which the first issue contains are by Sir Michael 



Her on the threefold allegiance of university 



ichers to their institution, to the university life of 



le nation and of the world ; an article by Prof. 



rong on the aims and activities of the Association 



University Teachers ; and an historical sketch by 



Laurie of the movement which led to the forma- 



5n of the association. There are also critical notes 



the University Grants Committee's Report, ParUa- 



lentary representation of teachers, superannuation 



university teachers, and similar topics. 



Following the lines of previous years, Mr. F. S. 



rvin has arranged, in conjunction with Dr. Charles 

 iger, a course of lectures on " Science and Social 

 jgress," for the Unity History School, to be held 

 : Woodbrooke, Birmingham, from Thursday, July 27, 

 Friday, August 4. A sketch in broad outline' will 



given of the history of science, especially in its 



ition to the contemporary social evolution, and 

 will be followed, in the latter half, by discourses 



the problems that are being raised to-day by the 

 )wth of science. First the historical retrospect, 

 ;n the living problem, and the whole looked at 

 3m the completely human point of view. The 

 :turers will be Prof. J. L. Myres, Dr. J. L. E. 

 reyer. Prof. J. A. Piatt, Dr. C. Singer, Prof. A. N. 

 "litehead, Prof. C. H. Desch, Prof. J. A. Thomson, 

 JuUan Huxley, Mr. A. E. Heath, Prof. F. G. 

 )nnan, and Mr. F. S. Marvin. Communica.tions 

 icerning this holidav school should be addressed to 



Edwin Gilbert, 78 Mutley Plain, Plymouth. All 

 ters requiring reply should contain stamps covering 



necessary postage. 



NO. 2732, VOL. 109] 



Calendar of Industrial Pioneers. 



March 9, 1908. Henry Clifton Sorby died. — Sorby 

 came of an old Sheffield family of cutlers. He was 

 of independent means. Devoting himself to scientific 

 investigations, he became known among geologists 

 as the father of microscopical petrology, while his 

 microscopic study of iron and steel opened out a 

 field of research of immense importance to the 

 metallurgist. 



March 10, 1874. Moritz Hermann Jacobi died. — 

 German by birth, Jacobi became a professor at 

 Dorpat and St. Petersburg, where in 1837 he dis- 

 covered the art of elcctrotyping. He also improved 

 the voltaic battery, and made a trial on the Neva of 

 a boat driven by an electro motor. 



March 10, 1902. Charles Yelverton O'Connor died. — 



An eminent civil engineer, O'Connor held important 

 positions in New Zealand, and in 1891 became 

 engineer-in-chief to Western Australia. He con- 

 structed the harbour at Fremantle, and was re- 

 sponsible for the Coolgardie Water Supply Scheme, 

 in which water is conveyed 328 miles through 30-inch 

 steel pipes, an undertaking costing 2,660,000/. 



March 11, 1916. Erasmus Darwin Leavitt died. — 



Trained as a mechanical engineer, Leavitt served in 

 the United States Navy during the Civil War, and 

 afterwards as a consulting engineer was responsible 

 for many of the most important steam-engine in- 

 stallations in America. He was a founder of the 

 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 

 1883 served as its president. 



March 12, 1898. Ferdinand Hurter died. — After 

 serving an apprenticeship to a Swiss dyer, Hurter 

 studied chemistry under Bunsen, and in 1867 settled 

 in England, finally becoming principal chemist to 

 the United AlkaU Company. He was a pioneer in 

 the appUcation of mathematics to technological 

 chemistry; and with Driffield carried out a long and 

 fruitful investigation of the chemistry and physics 

 of photography. 



March 12, 1914. George Westinghouse died. — A 



great industriaUst, the president of no less than 

 thirty companies, Westinghouse first gained a reputa- 

 tion by his invention of the compressed-air brake 

 for railway trains. Tried in 1868, the brake was 

 made automatic in 1872, and has been universally 

 adopted. Westinghouse was a pioneer in the develop- 

 ment of alternating current electric machinery, he 

 assisted Tesla in his work on the induction motor, 

 and made the first ten generators for Niagara. 



March 13, 1719. Johann Friedrich Bottger died. — The 

 discoverer of the method of making porcelain from 

 the reddish clays found in the neighbourhood of 

 Meissen, Bottger began Ufe as an apothecary's ap- 

 prentice in BerUn, but his discovery was largely the 

 outcome of his alchemical experiments. For many 

 years he was maintained as a sort of prisoner by the 

 Elector of Dresden. 



March 15, 1898. Sir Henry Bessemer died. — The 



greatest metallurgist of the nineteenth century, 

 Bessemer, by the invention in 1856 of his direct 

 process of converting pig-iron into malleable iron or 

 mild steel, provided mankind with abundant, supplies 

 of a superior structural material at a diminished cost. 

 Several notable metallurgists contributed to the 

 success of the process, which reached its perfection 

 in 1879 by the discoveries of Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. 



E. C. S. 



