June, 3, 1922] 



NATURE 



729 



Both lectures will be delivered in English. Admission 

 to all the above lectures is free without ticket. 



Applications for a Mackinnon Research Student-ship 

 I the annual value of 300/. will be received by the 

 Secretaries of the Royal Society until June 19. The 

 studentship, which is awarded in the first instance 

 for two years with a possible extension, is for the 

 furtherance of natural and physical science, and for 

 original research and investigation in pathology. 

 Particulars and forms of application can be obtained 

 from the Assistant Secretary of the Royal Society, 

 Burlington House, W.i. 



Applications are invited by the Ministry of 

 Agriculture and Fisheries for a number of research 

 scholarships in agricultural science, each of the annual 

 value of 200/. and tenable for three years. Candidates 

 must be honours graduates of a British University 

 with special qualifications in chemistry, botany, 

 zoology, physiology, or economics. The object of 

 the scholarships is to train agricultural research 

 workers, and the work undertaken must be approved 

 by the Ministry. Scholars may be required to spend 

 a part of their time at an approved foreign laboratory 

 or university. Conditions of the award and copies 

 of the form upon which applications must be made 

 are obtainable from the Secretary of the Ministry 

 of Agriculture and Fisheries, Whitehall Place, S.W.i. 

 Nominations for scholarships, which must be signed 

 by a professor or lecturer of a university or college, 

 must be received by July 15. 



The Chemiker Zeitung of May 1 1 reports that Prof • 

 K. Freudenberg is to succeed Prof. Pfeiffer at the 

 Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe. 



It is announced in Science that Miss Kate C. Garrick, 

 daughter of the late Sir James Francis Garrick, for ten 

 years agent-general in London for Queensland, has 

 by her will bequeathed 10,000/. to the University of 

 Queensland to found a James Francis Garrick pro- 

 fessorship of either law or medicine, as may seem best 

 to the University, in memory of her father. 



On Saturday, May 6, the undergraduates of 

 Aberdeen University concluded a week's " Carnival " 

 on behalf of the local hospitals with a sand-castle 

 competition on the beach and a pageant in the Mitchell 

 Hall. There were 20,000 spectators at the building 

 of the sand castles. More than 3000/. was collected 

 in the city and surrounding towns to which artistes 

 were dispatched in the early days of the week. 



Further Research Studentships, about four in 

 number, are being offered to university graduates by 

 the Empire Cotton Growing Corporation and the 

 British Cotton Industry Research Association. The 

 studentships are each of the value of 250/., with 

 certain additional allowances, tenable for one year 

 with a possible renewal for a second year. They 

 are intended to provide opportunities for further 

 training in scientific research bearing on plant 

 genetics and physiolog3^ entomology, physics, etc., 

 or in special subjects relating to administration and 

 inspection in tropical agriculture. One studentship 

 is offered for a candidate having special interest in 

 bacteriology. Further particulars and forms of 

 application are obtainable from the Secretary of the 

 Empire Cotton Growing Corporation, Millbank House, 

 Millbank, S.W.i, not later than June 19. 



We learn from Chemiker Zeitting of April 22 that 

 Prof. A. Gutbier, Rector of the Technische Hoch- 

 schule, Stuttgart, has succeeded Ludwig Knorr as 

 professor of chemistry at the University of Jena. 



NO. 2744, VOL. 109] 



Calendar of Industrial Pioneers. 



June 3, 1803. William Reynolds died. — The son of 

 a successful ironmaster at Ketley, Staffordshire, 

 Ileynolds invented a method of raising boats from 

 one level to another by inclined planes, with Telford 

 constructed a cast-iron aqueduct at Longden, Shrop- 

 shire, and in 1799 patented a method of preparing 

 iron for conversion into steel by the use of manganese. 



June 3, 1899. John Nixon died. — The pioneer of 

 the steam-coal trade of South Wales, Nixon was bom 

 in Durham in 18 15 and was trained there as a mining 

 engineer. In 1839 he removed to South Wales and 

 then to France. His observations on the steaming 

 qualities of Welsh coal led to his shipping a cargo 

 to Nantes, and to a contract for the supply of coal 

 to the French Navy, steps which led to the foundation 

 of the great trade in this coal. 



June 4, 1907. Sir Charles Mark Palmer died. — 

 The. founder of the great shipbuilding and iron- 

 works at Jarrow, Palmer, who was born in South 

 Shields in 1822, was the son of a shipowner. He 

 early became partner in a colliery business, and in 

 1 85 1 built the first iron steam-collier for carrying coals 

 from Newcastle to London. During the next forty 

 years no fewer than 600 vessels were built at Jarrow. 



June 4, 1906. Francis William Webb died. — A 

 prominent locomotive engineer, Webb was an assistant 

 first to Francis Trevi thick and then to John Rams- 

 bottom of the London and North-Western Railway, 

 and in 1871 succeeded the latter as chief mechanical 

 engineer, a post he held till 1903. He was a pioneer 

 of the compound locomotive, and in 1881 with the 

 Experiment introduced three - cylinder compound 

 engines, and in 1897 with the Black Prince intro- 

 duced the four-cylinder compound engine. 



June 6, 1878. Robert Stirling died. — StirUng, who 

 was born in 1790, was for 53 years minister of the 

 parish church of Galston, Ayrshire. Ordained in 

 1 8 16, the same year he took out his patent for an engine 

 which produced motive power by means of heated air. 



June 7, 1884. Richard March Hoe died. — The 

 well-known New York firm of printing-machine 

 makers, Messrs. R. Hoe and Co., was founded by 

 Robert Hoe, an inventor who was bom in England 

 in 1784, emigrated to America in 1803, and died in 

 1833. His son, Richard March Hoe, bom in 1812, 

 was the inventor of the high-speed printing press. 

 He devised the means of holding the type on the 

 cylinder, and built machines having ten cylinders 

 and capable of printing 20,000 newspapers per hour. 

 These machines were used in London in 1858. Many 

 improvements were added by Richard Hoe and by 

 his nephew Robert Hoe (1839-1909), who became 

 head of the firm, and it has been said that " to think 

 of 166,000 sixteen -page newspapers printed in an 

 hour, all folded ready for delivery, a feat made 

 possible by the combination of distinct machines, 

 is to think of the name of Hoe." 



June 8, 1882. John Scott Russell died. — One of 

 the most eminent naval architects of last century, 

 Russell was born in Glasgow, May 8, 1808. An 

 original investigator, he made experiments on the 

 resistance of water to the motion of floating bodies, 

 discovered the wave of translation, and developed 

 the wave-hne system of construction of ships. 

 Removing to London he became secretary to the 

 Society of Arts, and a commissioner of the Great 

 Exhibition of 1851, and estabUshed shipbuilding 

 works at Millwall, where Brunei's Great Eastern was 

 built. This remarkable vessel, begun in 1854 and 

 completed in 1859, was 680 feet long, 82 feet beam, 

 and of 27,384 tons displacement. 



E. C. S. 



