in the United States in Fifty Years. 199 



ties of the country, and no longer, unless, indeed, the high standard 

 of comfort to the poorest class in this county should prevent that 

 redundancy of numbers which finds its check in disease and desti- 

 tution. This is a problem whi^h the experience of other nations 

 cannot assist us to solve, since the facility of subsistence which 

 exists here, seems never to have existed in any part of the old con- 

 tinent in any stage of society. 



In manufacturing industry, the States differ far more than in 

 agriculture. The New England and Middle States, containing 

 less than two-fifths of the whole population, possess more than 

 three-fourths (76.3 per cent) of the manufactures. The manufac- 

 tured products of New England exceed those of its agriculture by 

 nearly a tenth. Those of Massachusetts alone exceed in value 

 those of all the Western States together, and are nearly thrice as 

 great as those of the four Southern States united. This diversity 

 is to be referred principally to the different densities of population 

 in the States, and in some degree to the slave labour of one-half of 

 them, which, untutored as it now is, seems suited only to the greater 

 simplicity of agricultural operations. 



The cheapness and abundance of provisions and raw materials 

 (including coal) in the Northwestern States, must eventually make 

 them the seats of flourishing manufactures, and this, too, before they 

 have attained that very dense population their fertile soil is des- 

 tined to support. Even with their present numbers, the census af- 

 fords evidence of their particular adaptation to this branch of in- 

 dustry. The manufactures of Ohio alone already nearly equal in 

 value those of the four Southern States. 



The profits of commerce amount to something more than an 

 eleventh of the whole annual product, if they have not been esti- 

 mated too high at 25 per cent on the capital employed. They 

 constitute more than a tenth of the whole products in the Middle, 

 the Southwestern, and the Northwestern States ; about a fourteenth 

 in New England ; and a fifteenth in the Southern States. 



Mining contributes but 4 per cent of the whole national product. 

 Nearly two-thirds of the whole (64.3 per cent) are in the Middle 

 States. More than half the remainder is in the Northwestern 

 States. 



The products of the forest constitute H per cent of the whole. 

 They are furnished by each division of the States nearly in pro- 

 portion to the population, except by the Southwestern States, 



