206 Progress of Population and Wealth 



It would seem, then, that from 1808 to 1838 the increased decen- 

 nial consumption of coffee compared with that of the population, 

 has been as 33 to 81 ; of tea, 33 to 61 ; and of wine, as 33 to 46. 



It must, however, be remembered, that for the last six years of 

 the term, coffee, which had previously paid a duty of 5 cents per 

 pound, and teas, which had paid an average duty of more than 20 

 cents per pound, have been free of duty ; and that for the same pe- 

 riod the duties on wine have been greatly reduced. It is not easy 

 to say how far the increased consumption of these commodities is 

 to be attributed to the changes in the tariff, but it does not probably 

 exceed 20 per cent, and may be much less. 



One circumstance which has contributed to diminish the increase 

 both of imports and exports, is the growth of manufactures, which 

 has at once enlarged the home market for the raw materials, and 

 lessened the demand of imports. 



Official estimates of the manufactures of the United States were 

 taken both in 1810 and 1820, but there was so many inaccuracies 

 in both, and especially the last, that any inferences drawn from 

 them are to be regarded rather as probable conjectures than well 

 founded estimates. 



According to a digest of the returns made by the marshals in 

 1810 of the manufactures of the United States, they amounted to 

 $127,694,602. A further estimate was afterwards made by the 

 acting Secretary of the Treasury of the omissions, by which the 

 amount was extended to $172,762,676. But inasmuch as there 

 might also be great omissions in the returns of 1840, it would seem 

 safer to compare the returns that were actually made, more espe- 

 cially as Mr. Gallatin had, from those of 1810, estimated the an- 

 nual amount of manufactures at only 120 millions of dollars. 



It seems, however, that each of these estimates contain items that 

 are not comprehended in that of 1840. These, then, will be de- 

 ducted before the two are compared. 



The following articles in the returns of 1810 were not, in 1840, 

 comprehended in the estimate of manufactures, viz : 



