32 Minnesota Academy of Science 



golite and rubellite), microlite (a tantalate of lime), mangantantalite 

 and adelfolite. One of the most amusing sights of the tour was to 

 see the Germans with hammers of all sizes up to that which tradi- 

 tion ascribes to the War God Thor, descend upon a mineral locality. 

 No classic exposure was sacred. The best is none too good for an 

 unmodified Teuton, and the baggage car attached to each special 

 train was so loaded with rocks that hot boxes were numerous. For 

 pure unadulterated selfishness the average German has not an equal 

 in northern Europe, and his manners would shock an Eskimo. 



Adjacent to the iron-bearing halleflinta zone of Uto is a mighty 

 series of limestone and halleflinta. The limestone is finely crystal- 

 line and alternates with the halleflinta in bands from only a few 

 centimeters to several meters in thickness. Where intensely folded 

 and crystallized the halleflintas resemble amphibole schists; and, 

 indeed, the bedded complex is bordered on the east by a thick 

 layer of green amphibolitic rock containing thin limestone layers. 

 This green rock resembles the green skarn or gangue rock of the 

 iron mines farther north. 



Associated with these rocks is a greenish gray bedded leptitic 

 halleflinta which likewise contains a few thin beds of limestone. 

 Then comes the regular bedded leptite, containing layers of nearly 

 massive porphyritic rocks, which are undoubtedly altered lava beds 

 and tuffs. The leptite is cometimes quartzitic and almost itself a 

 quartzite. It is composed of quartz, feldspars, biotite and musco- 

 vite. 



There were silver mines also at Uto. Native silver occurs min- 

 gled with epigenetic sulphides of copper, iron, lead and zinc. The 

 mines are not now operated and were never important. 



The halleflinta here is looked upon as a volcanic mud. It is a 

 quartz feldspar sediment, mingled with volcanic ash and sediment- 

 ary limestone. It is even occasionally coal-bearing. The iron ore 

 is regarded as a chemical sediment. 



Passing from the coastal region to the central portion of Swe- 

 den, we come to the university town of Upsala. If Stockholm is the 

 Venice of the North, Upsala is surely the Boston of the Arctic. 

 Here for hundreds of years has been a center of learning and cul- 

 ture. Here lived and wrote Sweden's greatest scientist, Carl von 

 Linnaeus; and his house, with all of his natural history collections, 

 is still preserved on the old farm, a couple of miles outside of the 

 city. The main university building is a fine structure, on an emin- 

 ence, surrounded by statues of some of its celebrities and contain- 

 ing oil portraits of many others. Near it is the Upsala Lutheran 

 Cathedral, which is one of the notable structures of the country. 



Not far from Upsala are Dannemora, Sala, Krylbo, Karrgrufvan, 

 Norberg, Hagge, Ludvika, Grangesberg, Persberg, Ammeberg and 

 Falun. 



Like many other Swedish iron mines, Dannemora was first 

 worked for precious metals. The date of its discovery is approxim- 

 ately fixed by a deed of gift dated 1481 by which Sten Sture, the 

 Elder, conveys to the Archbishop of Upsala and his successors one- 

 fourth of the silver mountain in the parish "which was discoverd a 

 a few years" before. 



