Antiquity of Man in America compared with Europe 129 



tiquus, the mammoth (Elephas primigenius), Rhinoceros 

 tichorinus, and other s])ecics. They seem to be both tropi- 

 cal and arctic, and this character points to important fluctua- 

 tions of the climate, perhaps to several glacial epochs during 

 the Paleolithic time of Europe, such alternations being well 

 known in America as episodes of the great Glacial period. The 

 succession of physical changes in the Glacial period has not 

 been worked out so satisfactorily in Europe as in America, nor 

 so unanimously accepted ; but, on the other hand, the succes- 

 sion of human types has been studied with greater thorough- 

 ness and established with greater completeness. The impor- 

 tant problem remaining seems to be to find how the two conti- 

 nents may be co-ordinated. 



According to Sollas (Ancient Hunters, p. 161), the Aus- 

 tralians are the latest representatives of the Neanderthal race, 

 a race which was co-extensive with the land of the eastern 

 continent at a time when the lands of all the northern hemi- 

 sphere, whether in Europe or in America, stood several hun- 

 dred feet, and in some places apparently several thousands of 

 feet, higher above the ocean than now, the continents them- 

 selves being united. 



We next lose sight of man for a long period ; and this long 

 interval is filled with indications of momentous change in the 

 earth's surface. The ocean encroaches upon the land, sub- 

 merging the area of the North sea, the English channel, the 

 Mediterranean, and the land routes to Greenland and to 

 Alaska, separating the continents into distinct land masses. 



It is in accordance with all glacial geologists who have 

 investigated the ups and downs of the earth's crust in Europe 

 and America in Pleistocene time to synchronize these mo- 

 mentous changes with the ice-epochs, and to synchronize those 

 of Europe with those of America. 



Neolithic Man. 



If we examine the floors of European caves we find remains 

 of Paleolithic man separated from those of Neolithic man by 

 a layer of stalagmite, in which are no bones of any sort. Thie 

 caves were deserted by man and beast during a long period, 

 and that was in general the time of the Glacial period. Re- 



