130 Minnesota Academy of Science 



mains of man later than the stalagmite layer are of Neolithic 

 type, and the accompanying bones are of the well known 

 domestic animals, and of the modern reindeer, the common 

 deer, and the European bison ; and in every respect the man 

 of Neolithic time grades through the bronze and iron ages 

 into the existing races of Europe and Asia. 



Synoptical View of the European Succession. 



1. During the long Pliocene time and in the early Pleisto- 

 cene, the land stood high. There was no English channel nor 

 North sea, nor the Mediterranean. It was the age of the fore- 

 runners of man, Pithecanthropus, Homo heidelbergensis, and 

 Eoanthropus dawsoni, which spread widely, i. e., from Eng- 

 land to Java, and possibly to South America as claimed by 

 Ameghino, anthropologist of Argentina. The artifacts are 

 eolithic. 



2. In the first glacial epoch, the Gunz epoch of Penck, the 

 continental areas had their greatest elevation and widest ex- 

 pansion. Man and his associates were expelled from Europe 

 or exterminated. There was great accumulation of stalagmite 

 in caves, covering the remains of man and various extinct 

 species. 



3. A long period ensued, which embraced remarkable 

 fluctuations both in climate and in fauna. It was the chief age 

 of Paleolithic Man, including the Neanderthal man, the man 

 of Spy, the remains found at Krapina in Croatia, at La- 

 Chapelle-aux-Saints, at Le Moustier, and in numerous other 

 places. This time embraces the Mindel and the Riss glacial 

 epochs of Penck, with the associated interglacial epochs. 



4. The Wurmian glaciation of Penck, including the forma- 

 tion of the present (i. e., the latest) valley gravels and the 

 latest tills. Subsidence of the continental areas formed the 

 British channel, the North sea, and the Mediterranean, and 

 submerged northern Siberia, as well as much of the borders of 

 Scandinavia. 



5. Retirement of the latest ice-sheet; the Neolithic period, 

 followed by the bronze and iron ages of existing man. 



The foregoing condensed sketch overlooks numerous de- 

 tails and differences of opinion, for the purpose of affording a 



