138 Minnesota Academy of Science 



The most striking characters of the man of the Neander 

 valley can be expressed summarily: 



1. The massive and projecting supraorbital ridges, and 

 the fossa which succeeds to them above. 



2. The long low and receding brow. The actual brain 

 cavity was as large as in modern man, whatever may have 

 been the quality of the brain itself. 



3. The eye orbits are large, but, sheltered below the mas- 

 sive supraorbital ridges, the eyes were not protruding. 



4. The nasal opening is large and particularly broad, and 

 the side bones pass with a somewhat even slope into the malar 

 and temporal bones, indicating that the nose was larger and 

 broader than in man of later types. 



5. The average shape of the jaws was prognathous, but 

 some specimens show an orthognathous profile. 



6. The lower jaw is large and massive, and the chin is 

 receding or almost wanting, in contrast with the chin of mod- 

 ern man which is projecting or rectangular. 



7. The teeth are noticeably different, in that the molars 

 increase in size from front to rear, whereas in present man 

 they diminish from front to rear, the wisdom tooth sometimes 

 not appearing at all. The incisors are small, but the canines 

 are large. 



8. The walls of the skull, especially in the frontal parts, 

 are very thick. 



So far as comparison can be made, it is apparent that in 

 both the male and the female of the present Australian the 

 skull characters are quite similar to the homologous char- 

 acters of the Nebraska man, which puts these races about on 

 the same parallel, as to rank, in the scale of human advance- 

 ment. Hence, if the declaration of the most eminent Euro- 

 pean anthropologists, to the effect that the Australian is the 

 nearest approach now living to the Neanderthal race, is cor- 

 rect, we are warranted to apply the algebraic formula, "things 

 equal to the same thing are equal to each other," and to con- 

 clude that the Nebraska man is the equivalent or the near 

 equal to the Neanderthal man. Corroborative to this syllo- 

 gism is the fact of discovery, in many places, of the remains of 



