Antiquity of Man in America compared with Europe 145 



give it more momentum. Of the second class there are two 

 branches, namely, along the lines of anthropology and along 

 the lines of geology. 



Now I wish to consider briefly each of these lines, and at 

 the outset I credit to all objectors the honesty of their con- 

 victions. Like Darius Green, they are so positive that they 

 are ready to risk their lives in their defence. 



Objections Along the Line of Anthropology. 



The uncertainty of conclusions based on anthropological 

 (i. e., cranial) characters is illustrated by the history of the 

 discussions which have sprung up in Europe concerning the 

 status in human rank of several lately discovered skulls. This 

 uncertainty remains until a sufficiently large number of skulls 

 have been found and accurately measured and described, so 

 that a type of cranial form has been evolved from the mass, 

 and, when so evolved, has been found to be continually con- 

 sistent with its geological environments wherever found. It 

 is scarcely necessary to state that even in Europe this has not 

 been worked out completely. What we have, in the form of 

 definite results in Europe, is meager and like the confused 

 glimmering streaks of cloudy dawn which precede the full day- 

 light, and is subject to future variation and correction. What 

 I have given you embraces the only fixed conclusions. Among 

 these conclusions is the establishment of the Heidelberg or 

 Eolithic type of man, and of the Mousterian type, the latter 

 alone, or at least predominantly, called Paleolithic man, other- 

 wise known also as the Neanderthal man. I have given you 

 his characteristics, and have compared him with the Nebraska 

 Loess man, showing how nearly they are identical. 



Now in the face of this general likeness between the two, 

 it is objected by Professor Hrdlicka that quite a number cf 

 skulls of the same type as that of the Nebraska man have been 

 found in the United States, and that some of them are from 

 the mounds of the mound-builder. He also affirms that these 

 characters are found sometimes in the existing Indian. In 

 other words, he concludes that the somatological characters 

 found in the man of the Neander valley, depended on as char- 

 acteristic of European paleolithic man, are not reliable when 



