60 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 



wliicli vras of a deep, <lark-red color, aud thrown into prominent trans- 

 verse folds, that considerably diminished its internal caliber. The large 

 intestme was more entu^ely free from slight congestion of the mncons 

 membrane, and in two cases only were no nlcers found on this part. 



The variety of these ulcers deserves a iiassing notice. In a certain 

 number of cases the mucous membrane, though comi)aratively free from 

 congestion, showed a nnmber of small conical swellings, with yellowish 

 depressed centers, aud about the diameter of one-half a line. To the 

 naked eye these appear like enlarged solitary glands, bub have been 

 shown by Dr. Klein, of London, to be enlarged and diseased mucous 

 cryjrts (follicles of Lieberklihn.) Next, erosions of larger size were not 

 uncommon. In these, the surface layer of the mucous membrane was 

 destroyed, leaving a depressed, red, congested base, and swoUen, slightly 

 congested, and reddened edges. Then there are the older nlcers in which, 

 with a more or less reddened base and margin, there is a central dirty- 

 white product, arranged in concentric layers, and usually i^rojecting 

 above the line of the adjacent mucous membrane, and even overlapping 

 it. This ai)pears like a slough, and though sometimes stained with 

 blood contains no pervious vessels. In one instance this slough, in 

 place of occurring in rounded isolated forms, extended transversely to 

 the direction of the intestine, occupying the limits of its morbid trans- 

 verse folds for half the circumference of the canal, or even more. These 

 bands were abundant in the csecum and colon, aud at intervals two ad- 

 jacent ones would merge into each other at their widest parts. Finally, 

 in one case, a great part of the surface of the csecum and colon was cov- 

 ered by a yellowish- white dipthheritic-looking peUicle, in patches of 

 several inches in length, and projecting above the surface of the mucous 

 membrane at its free border. 



In one case only was there a blood-colored liquid effusion into the 

 peritoneum. In another, a transparent exudation between the folds of 

 the mesentery contained a microscoj)ic embryo worm ; but the most care- 

 ful search could detect no others at this point, nor in the coats of the 

 intestines. In one case, whitish concretions were found on the mesen- 

 tery, i)rojecting from the surface and comj)osed of granular cells like 

 those of the concretion on the larynx. 



Liver. — Slight ecchymosis on the siu'face of the liver was common, but 

 extensive congestion, and above all softening, were virtually absent. 

 When congestion existed the acini were most deeply colored in the cen- 

 ter, showing the implication of the hepatic veins and intralobular flexus 

 rather than the portal system. In two cases this organ contained slight 

 caseous deposits, in one an acepJialocystj and several times hydatids. 



The pancreas appeared to be uniformly healthy. 



The spleen appeared unduly black and gorged with blood on two occa- 

 sions only, and in the worst of these the blood was alive with actively- 

 moving bacteria. 



The lymphatic f/lands of the mesentery and of the abdomen generally 

 may be said to have been uniformly altered. Those in the vicinity of 

 congested or ulcerated iiatches of intestines were usually of a dark blood- 

 red, confined to the surface of the gland, or in the worst cases extending 

 through its entire substance. In cases where the disease had passed the 

 crisis, and the subject was advancing towards recovery, there was often 

 simply a grayish discoloration of the surface of the gland, where such 

 liJEmon-hagic discoloration would have been found in the earlier stages. 

 In all cases the glands appeared to be materially enlarged. 



These remarks would equally apply to the lymphatic glands in the 

 chest, throat, or other parts where congestion and ecchymosis existed. 



