DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 175 



The aiiioiint of lung involved, of course, varies in each case ; iu some one 

 lobe, usually the upper if the left lung, and lower if the right; in others, 

 again, all of one lung, and in one case I found the whole of both lungs 

 involved, the left in the third and right in the second stage. In young 

 pigs I found what is known as lobular pneumonia, that is, diseased lob- 

 ules, of which each lobe is composed, were mixed indiscriminately Avith 

 healthy lobules, giAing this lung a mottled appearance. In onecase I 

 found the disease in the upper lobe of the right lung. The inflammation 

 was conlined to the air vesicles, and constituted " vesicular pneumonia." 

 In this case I found tubercles scattered through the diseased lung, and 

 iu one the ui)per lobe of the left lung was one mass of tubercles. All of 

 the cases Avere compUcated, to a greater or less extent, either with 

 inllammatiou of the pleura (the covering of the lung), or of the bronchi 

 (air-passages). In some cases the bronchial tubes were inflamed and 

 tilled with a frothy and occasionally a bloody mucus, in others ulcerated 

 and secreting a yellow, otfensive pus; the ulceration often extending 

 into the larynx, and even into the nasal passages. In six or eight cases 

 the pleirra, especially the right, presented more or less extensive patches 

 of inflammation, with adhesions between the pnlmonarj- and the costal 

 portions, that is, between the portion of the pleura and that lining the 

 chest. 



The heart was, in protracted cases, pale and soft, and in one case in- 

 flammation of the pericardium (covering of the heart) with etfusion into 

 the pericardial sack was observed. 



The liver was, in most cases, more or less congested, and in one case 

 very much enlarged and fiUed with patches of inflammation. The gall- 

 bladder was usually filled, sometimes distended, with dark-green, thick 

 bile. 



The pleura was in aU cases enlarged, and in one case very dark, almost 

 black, and so friable that it would not sustain its own weight. The kid- 

 neys were usually pale and sometimes soft, and in the two cases where 

 there was so much oedema of the lungs and suppression of the mine; 

 the malpighian bodies were of a dark-red color, and the lining of the 

 pelvis (inside of kidney) was very much inflamed and covered with 

 extra vasated blood. 



With a few exceptions the mesenteric, ingninal, and other lymphatic 

 glands, especially bronchial and cervical, were in various stages of in- 

 flammation and enlargement, and in some cases of a peculiar dark-red 

 color. 



The brain proper and the spinal cord I found usually in a normal con- 

 dition. In one case there was eflusion into the ventricles. The men- 

 inges of the brain and spine were, in ijrotracted cases, congested or 

 inflamed, and in two cases the dura mater (lining of the skull) was thick- 

 ened and easily separated from the skull. 



The cause of the disease has been variously ascribed to feeding, crowd- 

 ing, overdriving, filthy pens, ringing, &c. From information obtained 

 from hog-raisers, from our own observation, and reasoning from analogy, 

 I am satisfied that the real cause of the disease is the present manner 

 of breeding, raising, and feeding the pigs, and as a result of my obser- 

 vation and treatment I found the same remedies as used in remittents in 

 the human subject as the most eftectual. I am satisfied that the disease 

 is at least developed by malaria, and relieved, if at all, by the same 

 treatment as malarial diseases in man. Instead of raising ])igs frojn a 

 sow eight or ten months old, and cramming them with slops and dry 

 corn iu order to make three-hundred-pouud porkers of them in twelve 

 months, select good healthy sows fi-om eighteen to twenty-four mouths 



