258 GLANDEES AXD TARCY. 



from tlie nose are seldom characteristic cuougb to serve as tlie sole basis 

 of a reliable diagnosis. The same are frequently one-sided, and, accord- 

 ing to most authors, cftener from the left than from the right nostril. 

 According to my experience they are nearly, if not quite, as often from 

 the right as from the left nasal cavity, and, at any rate, just as often 

 from both nostrils as from one only, but always more abundant from one, 

 either right or left, than from the other. At the beginning the dis- 

 charges are usually thin, almost watery, frequentlj" greenish, or some- 

 what similar in color to grass juice ; afterward the same appear to be 

 composed of two different fluids, one yellowish and watery and the other 

 whitish and mucous. Still later the discharges become thicker, more 

 sticky, exhibit Ixequently a mixture of different colors, are sometimes 

 gTcenish, sometimes dirty white or grayish, contain not seldom streaks 

 of blood, and, in advanced stages especially, particles of bone or cartil- 

 age. They have a great tendency to adhere to the borders of the nos- 

 trils and to dry there to dirty yellow-brownish crusts. As to quantity, 

 the nasal discharges in glanders are seldom very copious, at least not 

 as copious as in many other diseases — straugles, for instance. The quan- 

 tity, however, varies. Sometimes, especially when the weather is warm 

 and dry, the discharges may be very insignificant or be absent altogether, 

 and, at other times, particidarly if the weather is rough, wet, and cold, 

 will increase in quantity and become comparatively abundant. Several 

 authors have attached special importance to one or another of the vari- 

 ous properties as something characteristic, by which the nasal discharges 

 in glanders can be distinguished from those of other diseases, but, in re- 

 ality, none of those x)roperties are constant enough, or belong exclusively 

 to glanders, to be alone of great diagnostic value. Solleysel and Kerst- 

 ing considered the stickiness as such a characteristic, but the discharges 

 in strangles are frequently just as sticky. Pinter and Yitet relied ujKtn 

 the specifio gravity ; they found that the nasal discharges of glanders, 

 which consist partly of matter and partly of mucus, sink to a certain 

 extent in water, while the mucus discharges of distemper swim on the 

 surface. This test is of some value, but is not decisive, because matter 

 is sometimes admixed also to the nasal discharges of other diseases. 

 Others have laid stress upon the one-sidedness of the discharge, but the 

 latter is just as often from both nostrils as only from one, and a one-sided 

 discharge belongs also to some other diseases ; is, for instance, observed 

 in a catarrhal inflammation of one of the frontal or maxillary sinuses, 

 if caries in one of the three last molai-s of the upper jaw has eftected a 

 fistulous opening into the maxillarj'^ sinus, if a polypus has developed 

 in one of the nasal ca\ities, «&c. Professor Gerlach considers the green- 

 ish color as a very important characteristic, but that, too, is not reliable, 

 because it is not constant, is usually observed only at the beginning, 

 and belongs frequently, also, to the nasal discharges of catarrh, strangles, 

 and influenza, if the patients are kept on green food or in a pasture. The 

 nasal discharge constitutes a characteristic symptom of glanders only, if 

 all its essential jiroperties are present (sufficiently developed), and are 

 considered as a whole. If the other principal symptoms (swelling of the 

 lymphatic glands and ulcers in the nasal cavity) are absent or remain 

 imobserved, some minor symptoms, which may hnppen to bo i)resent, 

 and the absence of all such symptoms which arc peculiar to other dis- 

 eases, make irequently a diagnosis possible. 



(/;.) A distinctly Uniitcd sicGlling of the suhmaxiUary lymphat'w plands 

 constitutes the second essential symptom, which is more cliaracteristic 

 of glanders, and of greater (.liagnostio value than the discharge from the 

 nose. The swelhng correspomls to the discharge ; that is, if the latter 



