GLANDERS AND FARCY. 259" 



is one-sided, for instance, from the left nostril only, tlie glands of the 

 corresponding leir side of the head are affected, and if the discharge is 

 fi'om both nostrils the glands of both sides are swelled, but always those 

 of that side the most on which the discharge is most copious. The 

 swelling does not exhibit any conspicuous sign of infiammation, and is 

 usually not painful, except at the begin.ning or after a sudden increase 

 of the morbid process. It is always distinctly limited, and the swelled 

 gland is always hard and usually of the shape and size of a peanut j 

 may occasionally, however, be foun.d as large as a hen's egg. Large in- 

 flammatory swellings without distinct limits do not belong to glanders. 

 At fu'st the swelled glands are more or less movable beneath the skin, 

 but afterwards, in an advanced stage of the disease, the same frequently 

 appear to be attached more or less firmly to the bone and are immova- 

 ble. The swelliug, unless irritated by external causes, never dissolves 

 in suppuration like the inflam.matory swellings common in distemper, 

 and is absent only if the lymphatic glands have been extirpated, if the 

 lymphatics have become obliterated, or if the morbid process in the 

 mucous membrane of the respiratory passages is situated too high to be 

 within the i)rovince of those lympiiatics which are connected wdth the 

 submaxillary glands, for the swelling is caused solely by a deposit of 

 deleterious matter which has been absorbed by tlie lymphatics. Pro- 

 fessor Gerlach looks upon every horse as probably afteeted with glan- 

 ders which shows a distinctly limited, hard, knotty, and painless swell- 

 ing of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. I will not contradict a man 

 of his experience and learning, and admit that such a swelling consti- 

 tutes a very suspicious and characteristic indication of glanders, espe- 

 cially if some other symptoms of that disease are also present ; but I 

 am obhged to remark that I have seen horses not affected with glanders 

 in which those glands were swelled to the size of a peanut, and were 

 hard, without pain, and movable. 



(c.) Ulcers of a peculiar, cJiancrons character on the mucous mem- 

 brane of the nose, and especially of the septum or cartilaginous partition 

 between the nasal cavities, constitute by far the most characteristic 

 symptom, and, in fact, the only one which makes the diagnosis a certainty, 

 even if all other syirjj)tams should be absent or imperfectly developed. 

 BtiU, such is never the case; if there are ulcers in the nose, then there 

 is also a discharge of matter mixed with mucus from the corresponding 

 nostril. In some cases these ulcers are i)resent, but sn-e situated too 

 high to be seen unless the horse is examined in bright sunlight and the 

 rays of the sun are retlectetl by a mirror mto the cavity of the nose. The 

 seat of the ulcers is usually on the septum and near the nasal bone. 

 Their size and shape vary (Fig. IV). Some ulcers are small, isolated, 

 almost round ; others arc large, of an megular sha])e, and of uneven 

 depth. AU produce matter, have elevated, corroded borders, a dirty, 

 steatouiatous-lookiiig bottom, and are never covered mth a scab. At 

 first small gray specks or elevated gray spots (glanders-nodules), vary- 

 ing ui size from that of a pin's head to tlnit of a pea, make their ai>pcar- 

 ance (Fig. IV, 1 and 2, and Fig. Y, a and h). These nodules soon decay 

 and form idcers. Gradually the idcers increase iu size and depth (Fig. 

 IV, 3) ; their borders become more elevated and corroded ; the process 

 of decay goes on ; and if two or more small idcers are close together, 

 they become confluent, unite, and constitute one large, irregtiliuly-shapcd 

 ulcer (Fig. IV, 4), which continues to increase in size and dc])lh. Decay 

 and destruction work their way deeper and dee])er, even into the car- 

 tilage, and if ulcers happen to be existing iji both cavities, or on both 

 sides of the septum, it occurs not seldom that the latter becomes per- 



