268 GLANDERS AND FARCY. 



proceeded from a fistiile on the withers, from bruising of the up])er eye- 

 lid, and from a fistide of tJie spermatic cord. Dupny {BuUetin dc 

 VAcademie de med., 183G, p. 481) observed that glanders proceeded from a 

 seton on the sh.onlder. Eiss (Becucil de med. veter., 1837, p. G02) observed 

 several cases of glanders which were cansed by severe contusions of the 

 nose. Eey observed that glanders made its appearance after a fracture 

 of the nasal and maxillary bones. Afterwards Renault and Bouley 

 {Kecueil de med. veter., 1840, !>. 257) endeavored to corroborate or to affirm 

 these observations by direct experiments. They injected matter into the 

 veins of horses, and claimed to have i)roduced glanders-ulcers in the 

 nose of a horse by such an injection of innocent matter. Eey [Becueil 

 de med. veter., 1807, p. 417) looks upon the experiment of Eenault and 

 Bouley as a singular case, but Professor Hering in Stuttgart {Bej)crtorium, 

 1868, p. 36) does not find it singular at all, and says that he made the 

 same experiments a long time ago, and had succeeded in producing in 

 some cases glanders, in other cases suppuration (in the lungs), and in 

 others no result whatever. Such statements are, to say the least, exceed- 

 ingly queer, particularly if made by such a learned and experienced 

 man and otherwise so reliable an authority as Professor Hermg, because 

 such observations are, and must be, based upon a mistake either one 

 way or another. There are three possibilities : Either the matter injected 

 into the veins must have been taken from a horse affected with glanders 

 or farcy, the animals experimented on mnst have been previously 

 infected with the disease, or exjiosed in some way to the contagion, or 

 the disease produced was no glanders at all. A i^revious infection must 

 be considered as the most probable solution, because the horses sub- 

 jected to such experiments are usually old or condemned animals bbught 

 for anatomical purposes at from two to four dollars a head. A gTeat 

 many experiments with injections of matter (pus) into the veins of 

 horses — probably the most that ever have been undertaken — have been 

 made at about the same time, but independently and at different places, 

 by Professor Guenther in Hanover {Nehel u. Vix ZeitscJirift, 2. B.) and 

 Professor Spinola in Berhn {Ueher das Vorlcommen der Eiterliwten in den 

 Jyimgen, 1839). The same were afterwards repeated at various times by 

 Professor Gerlach, the late director of the Eoyal Veterinary School in 

 Berlin, who died in 1877. Neither of these three very rehable investi- 

 gators nor anybody else, except Bouley and Hering, has ever succeeded 

 in producing (?) glanders in a horse by an injection of innocent matter 

 (pus) into the veins. 



All those hyjiotheses and theories, notwithstanding some of them 

 were only short-lived, contributed a great deal in creating the confu- 

 sion in regard to the contagiousness or non-contagiousness of glanders 

 {la morve), which, until recently, has been prevailing among the French 

 veterinarians. Bouley separated acute glanders and chronic glanders as 

 two distinct or entirely different diseases, and considered chronic gland- 

 ers as non-contagious, and acute glanders and farcy as contagious and 

 pynem.ic diseases. Godine {Elemens d^Hi/gienc veterinairc, suivis de re- 

 cherches m<r la morve, etc., 1815), went still further, and denied the con- 

 tagiousness of glanders altogether. Bouley, however, finally admitted 

 tliat contagious acute glanders might, under certain circumstances, be 

 developed iroih non-contagious chronic glanders. These fallacious doc- 

 trines of the professors of the Alfort veterinary school, not only caused 

 great confusion in regard to diagnosis (glantlors not being considered as 

 a disease sid generis, was frequently coufounded with other diseases), 

 but also great losses, amounting to millions of dollars, to the people of 

 France, by preventing a strict condemnation of glanclered horses, and 

 allowing thereby an unlimited spreading of the disease. 



