GLANDERS AND FARCY. 275 



found that glanders may exist and still no tubercles may be foimd in 

 the lungs. Professor Eoell, in Vienna, found mihary tubercles in only 

 about 00 per cent, of all cases that came under his observation, and Pro- 

 fessor Leisering-, in Dresden, and Professor Gerlach, in' Berlin, searched 

 for them frequently in vain. Glanders-tubercles nuike their appearance 

 in the lungs only if the morbid process, which has its principal seat 

 usually — I would like to say, normally — in the mucous membrane of the 

 nose, extends to the lungs; or if original nasal glanders has become 

 complicated with puhnonal glanders, which, in the course of time, is a 

 common occurrence. In thooe cases in vrhich such a complication is ex- 

 isting ti'om the beginning, or in Y.hich pulmonal glanders constitutes 

 the primary disease and nasal glanders the complication, miliary tuber- 

 cles are found in the lungs frequently within a short time after an in- 

 fection has taken place, sometimes within from one to three weeks. The 

 same are imbedded in the healthy pulmonal tissue, are surrounded by a 

 court of tiu"gid blood-vessels (Fig. VII, No. 1), have each a small blood- 

 vessel of their own, are at first grayish-white and rather soft, consist of 

 more or less uniform and rather small round cells, with nuclei, con- 

 nected with each other hy a delicate intercellulary tissue, and become, 

 when older, enveloped by a fine tissue of connective fibers. The coiu-t of 

 tui'gid or congested vessels around the tubercles disappears after some 

 time, the blood-vessel which enters the tubercle becomes obliterated, and 

 the substance of the latter, receiving no more nutriment, undergoes decay. 

 A necrobiotic process commences, the round cells shriulf, the intercellu- 

 lary substance decays, and the interior of the tubercle is changed to a 

 cheesy substance, in which finally lime-salts are deposited. The whole 

 process is the same as that which is taking place in a true tubercle in. 

 tuberculosis, therefore every difference disappears after the retrogressive 

 process has set in. Hence, glanders-tubercles have frequently been iden- 

 tified with veritable or tuberculosis tubercles, and glanders itself has, at 

 times, been looked upon as a tuberculosis of horses, which assumes pe- 

 culiar forms, ditferent from tuberculosis of other animals; but as real 

 common tubercidosis occurs in horses as an independent disease, the 

 same as in other animals, as the cells of a glanders-tubercle are usually 

 somewhat larger than those of a genuine (tuberculosis) tubercle, and as, 

 finally, each glanders-tubercle possesses a full intercellulary substance, 

 and has a blood-vessel of its own, either of which is wanting in the veri- 

 table (tubercidosis) tubercle, there can be no doubt as to glanders and 

 tuberculosis of horses being entu^eiy dilierent diseases. 13esides that, 

 in tuberculosis of horses, the single tubercles are usually a great deal 

 larger than the miliary tubercles of glanders, and only the smallest ones 

 (those of the size of a pea) present some similarity to the larger glanders- 

 tubercles. The retrogressive process does not present anything charac- 

 teristic. 



In the mucous membrane of the nose the gianders-laibercles or nodules 

 are always plainest on the septum (Fig. IV, Nos. 1 and 2). They, too, 

 vary in size from that of a pin's head to that of a i)ea, and project but 

 littfe over the surface of the membrane, and are therefore sometiraes 

 scarcely visible. At n post mortem examination, however, the same can 

 bo seen and felt more idainly, because then the mucous membrane is less 

 succulent and swelled. Either singly or in groups they are imbedded in 

 the mucous membrane, usually in tiie upper layer, and are distinguished 

 from the reddened membrane by their gray, grayish-white, or grayish- 

 yellow col(3r. Sometimes these tubercles, or glanders-uodvdes, are situ- 

 ated deeper, in the middle or lower layer of the mucosa, and therefore 

 Jess distinctly circumscribed, and indii-ated only by a slight elevatioq 



