276 GLANDERS AND FARCY. 



above tlie surface of the membrane, but not by any distinct color. On 

 a cut, liowever, the same can be seen very plainly (Fig. V, a and h). 

 The substance of the glanders-nodules in the nose is more or less soft, 

 and consists of Toimd cells, free nuclei, spindle-shaped ceUs, and a fine 

 connective intercellular substance. The spindle-shaped cells are lodged 

 mostly side by side ; some of them, the younger ones, are rather thin, 

 and others are swelled in the middle, and are ripe and near breaking. 

 The nodules or glanders-tubercles present usually a gray-yellowish color, 

 if composed iirincipally of roimd cells, and their color is somewhat in- 

 distinct if spindle-shaped cells constitute the prevailing element. The 

 retrogressive metamorphosis consists in a decaying to a fatty or cheesy 

 substance. A real shrinking and exsiccation and a deposit of lime-salts 

 do not occur. Glanders nodules or tubercles in the cutis are a compar- 

 atively rare occurrence in horses, but are observed very often in liuman 

 beings aifected with glanders. As the skin of horses is coated with hair, 

 only the larger tubercles or nodules wiU be noticed; the very small ones 

 usually escape observation till the regressive process has been completed, 

 and has changed them to small lenticular ulcers. Otherwise the morbid 

 changes are the same as in the mucous membrane. 



Miliary tubercles, finally, can also frequently be found imbedded in the 

 morbidly increased connective tissue of the indurated submaxillary and 

 other lymphatic glands. On a cut the same can often be pressed out 

 of the surrounding tissue as small knots or nodules. An exsiccation 

 is a frequent occiuTence, but a deposit of lime-salts has not yet been 

 observed. 



Glanders-tiunors, or very large nests of glanders-cells, can be found 

 fully developed only in the limgs, but are even there not as frequent as 

 the tubercles. They have their seat usually immediately beneath the 

 pulmonal pleura, especially toward the lower sharp l.>order of the lungs. 

 In some cases, however, the same are also found imbedded in the pul- 

 monal tissue, and are then not seldom numerous. The tumors, or gland- 

 ers growths, are either distinctly limited, and varying in size irom that 

 of a cherry to that of an apple, or the same are more or less diffuse. 

 The large tumors seem to be composed of two or more smaller ones which 

 have increased in size till they have come in contact wdth each other 

 and have united. The intermediate i^ulmonal tissue in such a case has 

 disappeared. Large tumors thus produced are frequently of an irregu- 

 lar shape. The pulmonal tissue surroimding the gray or grayish-yel- 

 low tumors is at first hyperaemic, and the outlines of the latter are more 

 or less indistinct, but afterwards the same become more defined. On a 

 cut these tumors present an appearance somewhat similar to bacon. In 

 some cases the same are more or less firm and soHd, like a fibroid growth, 

 and in others of the consistency of a sarcoma. (Fig. VII, No. 2, pre- 

 sents the grayish-yellow cut-surface of a glanders-tumor in natural size, 

 for the most part distinctly limited from the hypera^mic pulmonal tissue, 

 but at one end yet encroaching upon the latter, and not yet presenting 

 a distinct demarcation. Fig. VI, No. 3, is a smaller glanders-tumor in 

 natural size, ])resenting yet visible, small, round, primary nodules and 

 some remnants of pulmonal tissue, indicating plainly that the growth 

 takes place, not from one but fi-om several centers, and is not effected 

 by peripheric apposition.) Under the microscope the constituents are 

 found to be essentially the same as those of the smaller nodules or tu- 

 bercles. The round cells, however, vary nuich more in size. Some are 

 very large and distinguished by their dark and granidated nuclei. 

 Kumerous epithelial mother-cells, containing nuclei and incipient cells, 

 spindle-shaped cells in different stages of development, some, maybe, 



