GLANDERS AND rAECY. 279 



tnorbid growth of coiniective tissue makes its appearance, -u-liich causes 

 the mucous meuibrauc to become more or less tljick and callous. If the 

 glanders-process extends to the frontal and maxillary cavities, the nat- 

 urally tine mucous membrane, especially of the latter, is usually found 

 coated with a nuico-i)urulcnt secretion, and i:)resents more or less uneven 

 swelling and degeneration, caused by an exuberant neoplastic produc- 

 tion of connective tissue elements. In the nasal cavity, but especially 

 on the septum, the dilfuse glanders-])rocess penetrates not seldom the 

 whole mucous membrane, and extends to the submucosa. Callous swell- 

 ings are formed by an exuberant i)roduction of neoplastic elements of 

 connective tissue, and within these swellings appear diffuse center-sta- 

 tions, or nests of round cells, which (latter) gradually undergo tlecay and 

 are absorbed. Fibrous or scar-tissue, which afterwards shrinks or con- 

 tracts to a scar or cicatrix, takes their place. So it may hapi)en that 

 scars or cicatrices make their appearance without any ulceration having 

 preceded. These scars or cicatrices usually contain a center, from which 

 several whitish strands of tibi-ous tissue, x)roduced by the same process, 

 are radiating in different du'cctions. Still not every scar or cicatrix 

 foimd on the mucous membrane of the septum has been produced in the 

 same way, without any preceding ulceration. Under favorable circum- 

 stances a liealiiig even of a glanders-ulcer will now and then be effected, 

 but in such a case the scar left behind is usually less prominent or con- 

 spicuous, and is destitute of such long radiating strands of fibrous tissue. 



Glanders-ulcers. — The same, if present, constitute tbe most character- 

 istic and unmistakable morbid change of the whole morbid process, and 

 are found usually iu the mucous membrane of the septum, especially 

 toward the nasal bones, but also in the mucous membrane of the con- 

 ch?e, the nasal ducts, the larynx, and the windpipe, and, iu rare cases, 

 in the cutis. Professor Gerla.ch says he has found ulcers in the mucosa 

 of the throat and windpipe only in acute glanders. I remember one of 

 chronic glanders that occurred in 1869 in Quincy, 111., in which, at the 

 post-mortem examination, numerous ulcers i)resented themselves in the 

 nasal ducts and iu the mucous membrane of the larynx and windpipe, 

 but none on the septum. In that horse the only observable symptom 

 consisted, for a long time, in difticulty of breathing, resembling a kind 

 of roaring when exercised. The post-mortem examination, made by 

 myself, revealed glanders in a very advanced stage of development, not- 

 v.ithstanding that the horse, a fine black roadster, was not suspected of 

 being affected with glanders up to within two weeks before he was 

 killed. 



Glanders-ulcers are always preceded by glanders-nodules or tubercles 

 in the mucous membrane or skin, respectively, and are the product of a 

 decay of the glanders-cells aufl a dissolution of the iuteiccllular sub- 

 stance of those nodules or tubercles. The process, however, by which 

 these ulcers are developed is not always the same, but varies somewhat 

 according to the size and situation of the tubercles. If the latter are 

 large, of the size of a pea, and extend deep into the mucous membrane, 

 a depression, which soon changes to a snudl hole, at first not larger than 

 a pill's head, makes its appearance in the middle of the external surtace. 

 This hole, however, soon grows larger (Fig. IV, Xo. 2), and coiistitutes 

 within a few days an ulcer corresponding iu size to that of the former 

 tubercle (Fig. IV, i^o. 3). The deeper the latter extends into the mucosa 

 01' submucosa, the deeper will also be the ulcer. 



If the glanders-tubercles are ^'cry small and superiicial, or, as it some- 

 times liai>i)ens, visible only as gray specks or dots, the proceeding is a 

 little different. At first the epithelium is cast offj a small, scarcely 



