280 GLANDERS AND FARCY. 



visible loss of substance takes jjlace, which gives the incipient nicer the 

 appearance of a small erosion. In other cases the decayed, superficial 

 part of t\\Q tubercle presents itself as a yellowish-gray mass, which 

 remains for a short time coated with epithelium. The decaying tubercle, 

 in such a case, has the appearance of a small pustule. In both cases, 

 finally, small, flat, lenticular idcers are formed, "which, if numerous and 

 close together, as frequently happens (glanders-tubercles, if very small, 

 are usually situated close together in groups), become soon confluent, 

 and xn*esent then one large, flat ulcer with an uneven bottom. A few 

 days ago I had an opportunity to observe small lenticular, and one 

 medium-sized confluent ulcer, on the right side of the septum of the nose 

 of a former circus-horse that had been aflected with glanders — had had 

 discharges from the nose — for over eight months. 



A glanders-ulcer once formed grows in depth and circumference as 

 foUows : At the bottom and on the borders of the ulcer, and also in the 

 immediate neighborhood of the same, apjiear again gray specks and 

 nodules (nests of round cells), which also undergo decay, become con- 

 fluent with the ulcer, and increase thereby the size and depth of the 

 latter. The bottom of a glanders-ulcer presents a grayish-yellow (bacon- 

 like) appearance, marked with red blotches, and is composed mainly of 

 round glanders-cells, the decay of which adds to the depths of the ulcer. 

 Consequently, as after each decay new round cells make their appear- 

 ance, a glanders-ulcer is not only able to work its way through the 

 mucous membrane and its connective tissue, but also into and even 

 through the cartilagenous septum and the osseous conchas. This, how- 

 ever, takes i)lace only in a very advanced stage of the disease, and un- 

 der the influence of a complication with an inilammatory process. The 

 bottom of a deep ulcer j)resents usually a dirty appearance, caused by 

 decay or decomposition of tissue and blood (Fig. IV, No. 4). Growth of 

 a glanders-ulcer in circumference is a very common occurrence. The 

 process is usually a rapid one, if the ulcer is composed originally of 

 small lenticular ulcers, so-caUed erosions, with corroded gray or inflamed 

 and red borders. If two or more of such compound ulcers happen 

 to be in close proximity of each other, the same very often become con- 

 fluent in a comparatively short time, and present then one large ulcer- 

 ating surface. In the cutis the ulceration jirocess is exactly the same, 

 and is invariably preceded by a formation of glanders-tubercles. The 

 latter have their seat usually in the skin of the lips and nostrils, seldom 

 in the skin of the legs and of other parts of the body. In the cutis, too, 

 deep ulcers, and flat and lenticular ones, can be discriminated. In some 

 cases the cutis-idcers have a special tendency to increase in depth — if 

 the preceding tubercles have been large — while in others a tendency to 

 grow in circumference is prevailing. The latter is the case especially if 

 the tubercles have been small and close together. Both kinds of ulcers, 

 however, like those in the mucous membrane, produce abundant exuda- 

 tion and matter, a peculiarity by which deep glanders-ulcers situated 

 in the skin are easily discriminated from farcy-idcers or glanders- 

 abscesses. Besides that, the latter are always kettle-shaped, have red 

 and elevated borders, and are situated in the subcutaneous connective 

 tissue, while the former have their seat in the skin. 



THE CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF GLANDiLKS. 



As to the causes and origin of glanders, opinions, especially in former 

 times, have differed very widely. A great many veterinarians, particu- 

 larly in France, and there until quite recently, either denied its conta- 



