GLANDERS AND FARCY. 281 



jrioiisness altoc'ether (La Fosse, sen. and jun., Fromage Defengre, and 

 Dupuy barely admitted the possibility of an infection ; Coleman (English), 

 Smith (English), andEodet consiacred only acute glanders as a contagious 

 disease, as did Hutrel d'Arboval and many others), or expressed doubt as 

 to the existence of a contagion. — Dutz. Consequently a spontaneous de- 

 velopment or the possibility of the same was uot (luestioned except by a few 

 decided contagioaists, such as Volpi iu Italy, White in England, and, in 

 modern times, Gerlach iu Germany. Nearly all German, most of the 

 English, and a great many French veterinarians (it is but just to men- 

 tion among the latter Solleysel (16G9), De Sauuier (1734), Bourgelat 

 (1765), Garsault (1770), Vitet (1783), Gohier (1813), Delwart, and Le- 

 blanc) admitted that most cases of glanders owe their origin to infection, 

 but did not doubt the possibility of a protopathic, and even of a deutropa- 

 thic development. Even at the present day an auchtochthonous and a 

 deuteropathic development, too, are looked upon as something jiossible, 

 or even self-evident and of frequent occurrence, not only by non-profes- 

 sional men, but also by a great many veterinarians of high standing. As 

 causes of auchtochthonous glanders, all possible injurious agencies have 

 been accused, the same as in all other contagious diseases, such as pleuro- 

 pneumonia of cattle, for instance, which latter, as is now more generally 

 admitted, spreads, and is caused exclusively by infection or by means 

 of the contagion. As principal causes of glanders have been consid- 

 ered spoiled, decayed, and insufficient food, or food of a bad quality or 

 unsuitable composition; dirty, crowded, and ill- ventilated stables; over- 

 work, hardships, and exposure of any kind or description ; in short, 

 nearly everything that is calculated to have an injurious eftect upon the 

 animal organism. A great inany horses in every country and iu every 

 clime are exposed to some or to all of the injurious influences just enu- 

 merated, and there is uot the least doubt that these influences are well 

 able to weaken the constitution of an animal, to produce emaciation and 

 debility, and to cause a whole army of more or less dangerous and fre- 

 quently fatal diseases, but still glanders is not any more frequent among 

 horses thus exi)osed and suflering than among others, which are well 

 icept and well treated in every respect. In every country and in every 

 clime a larger or smaller number of horses are exposed to all those in- 

 juries mentioned, are worked to death, starved to death, suffocated to 

 death in foul stable-air, poisoned to death with spoiled food and with 

 impure, stagnant water, and still there are countries in which glanders 

 is an unknown, or, at least, an exceedingly rare disease, while iu other 

 countries in which horses, on an average, are not kept any worse, or, 

 may be, are kept much better, glanders is a very frequent disease, and 

 causes annually gTcat losses. As a general rule, which, however, suffers 

 apparent exceptions as I shall show hereafter, glanders is frequent in all 

 those countries in which a great many horses are imported, and rare in 

 all those countries in which more horses are raised than needed, or from 

 which horses are exported. Besides that, nobody has ever succeeded in 

 producing glanders by merely exposing or subjecting a horse that has 

 never been exposed to the influence of glanders-contagion to any or to 

 all the injurious agencies and influences which have been mentioned as 

 being accused as the causes of i)r()t()pathic glanders. In the West, 

 where I have lived aiul practiced during the last thirteen years, gland- 

 ers, as I have been informed by reliable jiersons, used to be an almost 

 unknown disease before the civil war, but has been spread by condemned 

 army horses during and immediately after the war, and is now frequent 

 and can be found everywhere. 

 Among asses and mules glanders is comparatively not as frequent a 



