GLANDEES AND FAECY. 285 



found no organic forms in the very infectious caseous substances taken 

 from the mucous membrane of a horse affected ^vith diphtheritic gland- 

 ers. He, therefore, has come to the conclusion that the glanders-con- 

 tagion does not consist in, nor is bound on, organic forms, and that the 

 action of the contagious principle must be a chemical one. On the other 

 hand Hallier and others have found organic gTowth (micrococci) in the 

 humors of glandered horses and in the products of the morbid process 

 of glanders, and are inclined to consider those micrococci as the agency 

 which causes the disease, produces the morbid changes, and eflects a 

 communication of the glandered process to other healthy animals. If 

 Hallier and others are right, a great many mysterious phenomena ob- 

 served in glanders hud an explanation, but if Gerlach's observations are 

 correct, HalHer's theories necessarily fall to the ground. Gerlach says : 

 " Hallier finds everjiNiiere fungi, and Chauveau finds everywhere cells." 

 Still, notwithstanding my high regard for Gerlach and the thoroughness 

 of his investigations, I think the finds of Hallier and of other investiga- 

 tors cannot be discarded ; positive evidence is always of more value than 

 negative proof. Haeckel (History of Creation, vol. 1, Protista.) and 

 Klebs {Archiv fuer ejyperimental-Pathologie^ 1873), separate the micro- 

 scopic organisms found in glanders and in other contagious diseases 

 from the class " fimgus," and consider them as a separate class, belong- 

 ing neither to the animal nor to the vegetable kingdom. ^ATiatever 

 may be the truth as to the real natiu'e of the contagious principle, future 

 investigations must reveal. I myself have had no opportunity to make 

 thorough microscopical investigations of the morbid products of gland- 

 ers, and can, therefore, not advance any definite ox)inion of my own. 

 Mere speculations cannot bring any facts to light ; thorough and patient 

 observations are necessary. 



The glanders-contagion, whatever its nature may be, communicates 

 glanders and farcy not only to the animals belonging to the genus equus, 

 but also to other animals and to man. Niunerous cases are reported 

 every year in the periodical veterinary literature. The only domesti- 

 cated animal that seems to be exempted, or to be destitute of anj^ pre- 

 disposition is the ox. 



Glandered horses, as soon as the disease has been diagnosticated, are 

 usually removed to the cow-stable, or to pens or places where cattle are 

 kept, and still no case, as far as I have been able to learn, is on record 

 in which an ox or a cow has contracted the disease. Sheep are easily 

 infected. Goats, too, possess sufticient predisposition. Ercolani described 

 a case in " 11 medico veterinaria,^'' 1801, and Wirth succeeded in commu- 

 nicating glanders to a male goat by means of inoculation (^lrc/(iv./«er 

 Thierheillunde, Bd. (5, Ileft 1,1844). Hogs seem to possess but little 

 l^redisposition, and cases of dogs becoming infected and dying of gland- 

 ers have been communicated by Nordstroem {Tidslrift for Yetcrinaircry 

 etc., 1802) aud Langcron {Eemie veterinaire, etc., Toulouse, serie 1, 1870). 

 Several cases are on record in which wild animals, lions especially, have 

 become infected Vv'ith glanders by being fed witli meat of glandered 

 horses. According to the experiments of Viborg and Eiuglieim, the fiesh 

 of a horse affected with glanders can be eaten without danger of infec- 

 tion if properly cooked or fried. 



One important phenomenon must be mentioned, and that is, that gland- 

 ers always becomes a frequent disease after any great Avar. Such was 

 the case in our oavu country after the great civil Avar, as I have mentioned 

 before, and also in Germany and France, h\.ih esi)ecially in the latter 

 country, after the Avar of 1870-'71. Cases of glanders Avill also be fre- 

 quent during the next few years in the Turkish Empii-e, and in those 



