1893.] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 6 



having, like the lower lip, a pair of jointetl palpi. The prothorax 

 is large, separate from the rest, and bears the first pair of legs. 

 The seccnid and third pairs of legs are of aliout equal size with 

 the first and are borne b}- somites which are hidden by the hard 

 anterior wings, called Tvin<r covers. These wing coveis are borne 

 on the mesothorax, and beneath them lie membraneous wings, 

 which when not in use are folded back on themselves (Fig. 12) 

 to Ije tucked away beneath the wing covers. These wings are 

 organs of flight ; they arise from the metathorax. The abdomen 

 consists of seven somites and completes the description of the 

 principal portions of the botlv. 



3. The Cabbage-butterfly, Coleas phvllodice (F'xg. i\), can 

 be seen in summer Hying in meadows ; it can be known bv its yellow 

 color with black spots on the wing. An analysis of the points of 

 its general anatomy shows first the head, bearing eyes and antennae, 

 a mouth with, however, mouth-parts unlike those of the beetle and 

 cricket, no mandibles, hardly any upper and lower lips, and max- 

 ilUe having the form of a long coiled tube for sucking nectar from 

 flowers ; then the thorax bearing three pairs of legs and two 

 pairs of wings but without any separate prothorax. If, however, 

 the fine scales be removed which cover the thorax lines indicating 

 the junction of three somites to form the thorax can be found, and 

 the wings will then be seen to be attached to the meso and meta 

 portions of the thorax. The wings are not folded and all are used 

 in flight ; they are covered with a fine dust which under a lens can 

 be seen to be matle of fine scales arranged with the greatest reg- 

 ularity. The legs are jointed and the joints correspond with 

 those of the other insects mentioned ; all are of the same size. 

 Finally, behind the thorax is a jointed abdomen which bears no 

 appendages. 



4. The Horse-fly ( Tabantis exul) has a body similar in 

 its main divisions and their subdivisions to the bodies of the other 

 animals just considered. The head bears two very large com- 

 pound eyes, a single pair of very small antennae, and movable 

 organs surrounding the mouth and used to introduce food into the 

 alimentary tube. Tliere is no separate prothorax, but behind the 

 head a thorax bearing three pairs of jointed legs, and over the 

 middle pair of legs a single pair of wings, the hinder wings being 

 absent in the horse-fly. The abdomen is destitute of limbs and is 

 made up of somites. 



5. The Wasp {Polsistes metricus*) is another animal 

 whose body upon examination proves to be similar to that of the 

 grasshopper. As points of similaritv may be noted the three 

 organs of the body: head, with sense organs (eyes and antennae, 

 and there are three simple eyes) and mouth-parts ; the thorax, bear- 

 ing thee pairs of legs and two pairs of wings ; and the abdo- 

 men, divided into somites which bear no appendages. Not 

 only are the main divisions of the body similar, but to some extent 



• The bee can be used here or a saw-fly. 



