1 rO Zuuloyical Society : — 



Iloopoi' Thrushes {Pouiator/iinu.s) ; and in the lower region, hy the 

 common In(liiuiCro\vs(('. cuhniiiatns et .«y>/r/<t/<.'//A'),(trackU's"'"', Stares, 

 Vnp;al)on(l Pies and Dirt-birds (Malarocercvs). Tlirushes proper 

 witli Hock Thrushes, Ousels, Myophones, Zootljeres, Tcsias and 

 Ilypsipetes are as abundant in the central and upper region as 

 B\dlnils, Orioles, Pittas, are in tjie central and lower. 



" In the Finch taniily, the Ilaw-finehes, Hnll-tinches, Gold-finches, 

 and Cross-bills (Lox/d) are as strictly confined to the uj)])er regions 

 as are the corvine Conostomes, Nut-crackers, Choughs and Ravens. 

 The Ibriner are rei)laced in the central region by the huntings, 

 Wood-finches {Montifrinyilht), and Siskins ; and in the lower 

 region by the Weavers and Munias. The Raptorial birds are, in 

 general, too cosmopolitan to sui)serve the ituri)oses of geographic 

 distribution. Still it may be remarked that the True Eagles belong, 

 quoad breeding at least, to the upj)er region ; the Crested Eagles 

 {Circd'etus), the Neopuses and Ilawk Eagles (Spicaetu.s) to the 

 central ; and the Femes (Iln/iocfits et PaiuHon) and lialiastnrs to 

 the lower. Among the Vultures the distinction is more marked : 

 for the Eagle Vultures {Gypa'ctus) belong exclusively to the upper 

 region ; the large European Vultures {fiilnvn et cinerevs) to the 

 central ; and the Neojdirons and the small Indian Vultures {lien- 

 galensis et teuuirostris) to the lower. The Himalaya abounds in 

 Falronidfe, all the occidental types and species being found there, 

 and many more peculiar and oriental ones ; and it deserves special 

 remark, that whereas the former (Inqjcrialis, C/ii-i/.sa'ctos, Lanarius, 

 PereyriuHS, Pdhtnibarius, Nisus, dtc.) affect the upper and central 

 regions, the oriental types {lhjiiotviorc.hu, noliastur, Ilierax, 

 lli/ptiopus, Elanus, Poliornis) arc quite confined to the lower 

 region. 



" Those perfect cosmopolitans the Waders and Swimmers, migrate 

 regularly in Aj)ril and October, between the plains of India and Tibet, 

 and, in general, may be said to be wanting in the mountains, though 

 most abundant in the Tarai. The great Herons (no/jilis et cinereus), 

 the great Storks (nif/ra et purpurea) and great Cranes (the Cyrus 

 and Uamoiselle) of the Tarai are never seen in the mountains, where 

 the Egrets alone represent the first group. But the soft-billed 

 smaller Waders (Scolopacu/ce) are sufficiently common in the moun- 

 tains, in which the Woodcock abounds, breeding in the upper region 

 and frerpienting the central, and rarely the lower region, from 

 October till April. Geese, Ducks and Teals swarm in the Tarai, 

 where every occidental type (so to speak, for they are ubiquitous) 

 may be seen from October till April ; and many oriental non-migra- 

 tory types; whereas in the mountains the Mergansers (o/7(?h#«/i«) 

 and the Cormorants {sinensis et pyfjmfcus) only are found, and that 

 very scantily, with a few Rails and Gallinules and Sandpipers from 

 the vast host of the Waders." 



* Wlicn Darjceling was establislicfl flicrc was not a Crow or Pastor to be seen. 

 Now there arc a few Crows, l)iit no I'astors. Enormously abuiulant as both are in 

 the lower rc(5ion, this sufficiently proves that they are not native to the central 

 tract, though common in tlic great valley of Nepal. 



