388 Mr. J. Hardy on the Primrose-leaf Miner, 



hairy integument of the leaf, is so Hke a portion of its substance, 

 as sometimes to elude even a very close inspection. The pupa is 

 of a light yellow or straw colour, with the seams of the segments 

 brownish, and sometimes it is entirely light brown ; slipper- 

 shaped, being rather tapered behind, a little swollen before the 

 middle, conic and somewhat abruptly contracted anteriorly, where 

 the edges of each of the wider segments overlap the one imme- 

 diately preceding it ; smooth ; convex above, although sometimes 

 rather compressed, suddenly sloping down in front ; segments 

 very distinct, considerably convex, the division lines crenulate, 

 scarcely continuous across the flattish underside, being indicated 

 by transverse punctures and abbreviated lines ; the brown sharp - 

 pointed fore-end projects a little beyond the line of the under 

 surface of the body, and is tipped with two longish slender bent 

 black spines, which approximate at their origin, but diverge out- 

 wardly ; these, in perfect specimens, have at their apices an ar- 

 mature like a fish-hook, both the barbs being reverted ; beneath 

 these on the under surface there is a brown or rufous spot ; the 

 last segment posteriorly has a channel down the middle with two 

 ridges to bound it, and externally to these two corresponding 

 depressions ; the apex is stern-shaped or subtriangular, with two 

 long projecting points, one on each side, above ; each of which has 

 a black spinous point, near the base of which a sharpened barb 

 branches out, directed towards the upper surface of the body ; 

 the apex is a tubercle halved by a fissure. Length j line. The 

 object of the barbed hooks with which the fore and hinder spi- 

 racles are accessorily provided, and which are more distinct in 

 this than in any other species I have observed, seems to be to 

 insure the pupa-case from being separated from the leaf by or- 

 dinary accidents. The hooks invariably project beyond the cu- 

 ticle, and are often snapped asunder and left behind in attempts 

 to disengage the pupa-case. On the eve of assuming its final 

 condition a breach is made in the case towards the anterior part, 

 through which the imprisoned inmate obtains access to the open 

 air; destitute of wings at first, but soon equipped with these ap- 

 pendages, that enable it to pursue its destinies under a new and 

 higher degree of development. The fly, whose early life and ul- 

 timate debut we have thus traced, presents the following charac- 

 ters : — Black ; face black, but when alive gray in some lights, 

 with a deeper shade of black round the eyes and down the face ; 

 front black, its edges gray, with a row on each of black bristle- 

 bearing dots ; vertex also bristled ; a grayish patch above the an- 

 tennse, which as well as the bristle are black ; third joint large, 

 circular, flattened, finely griseous downy; trunk white, palpi 

 black ; thorax subquadrate, considerably convex, and as well as 

 the scutellum slaty black, with several lines of black bristles along 



