42 THE AMERICAN MONTHLY [Feb., 



constructed en masse since 1859 ; for these, we refer to 

 bacteriological literature and laboratories. The organ- 

 isms are collected in water, and disseminated as above 



mentioned. 



In conclusion we shall enumerate the yeast-like fungi 



that may be found in fermenting fluids ; for descriptions, 



we refer to botanical and bacteriological text-books, such 



as those of De Bary (1. c), Fluegge, Zopf (1. c,) Joergen- 



sen (Die Mikroorganisraen der Garingsindustrie, ed. 3. 



Berlin, 1893), Ludwig (Lehrbuch derniederen Kryptoga- 



meu, Stuttgart, 1892), and bacteriological works by Klein, 



Woodhead, De Bary, Abbott, Sternberg, etc. 



I. Sacchai oQnycetes. Twenty-two species of these are 

 known (see Bay, 1. c.) ; about 30 other organisms have 

 been placed under the heading of this genus ; they may 

 retain their place if they are capable of forming spores. 

 For these species, see Saccardo (De Toni) Sylloge fjingo- 

 rum, Vol. VIII, p. 919, 1888.* 



II. Torula, in the sense of Hansen and (exparte) Pas- 

 teur. Seven species were described by Hansen (see 

 Joergensen)*, and one was named by Grroenlund {Torula 

 Novae Carlshergiae) in 1892. 



III. Sacchai-omyces apiculatus was mentioned in the 

 first part of this paper ; it is very often found in wine- 

 yeast. It does not belong to this genus, but must retain 

 its name, until its true nature has been revealed. 



IV. Mycoderma cerevisiae and vini were also mentioned 

 above. (Bay, 1. c. page 696). 



V. Spores of moulds are easily distinguished by their 

 characteristic growth. 



VI. Monilia, Chalara and Oidiiiin are three genera 

 whose species can develope under certain circumstances, 

 into a growth similar to that of the yeasts. But if these 

 fungi which systematically stand near to the moulds and 



*-S. Joergensenii Lasche (See Bay, 1. c. page 692) was by Joergeusen (the 

 micro-organisms of fermentation, new ed. London, 1893. page 177), referred 

 to S. exiffuus (Reess) Hansen. 



